This study describes the VIs Vegetation Condition Index in term of vegetation health of wheat crop; with help of LANDSAT-7ETM+ data based NDVI and LAI for Bhiwani District of Haryana states (India) and gave the spatial development pattern of wheat crop in year 2005 over the study area of India. NDVI is found to vary from 0.3 to 0.8. In northern and southern parts of study area NDVI varied from 0.6 to 0.7 but in western part of Bhiwani showed NDVI 0.2 to 0.4 due to fertility of soil and well canal destitution. LAI showed variation from 1 to 6 according to the health of crop as the same manner of NDVI because LAI VI is NDVI dependent only change the manner of representation of vegetation health, due to this fact relation curve (r 2 =) between NDVI and LAI of four different growing date of sates are in successively increasing order 0.509, 0.563, 0.577 and 0.719. The study reveals that VIs can be mapped with LANDSAT-7ETM+ through remote sensing, which can be further used for many studies like crop yield or estimating evaptranspiration on regional basis for water management because satellite observations provide better spatial and temporal coverage, the VIs based system will provide efficient tools for monitoring health of crop for improvement of agricultural planning. VIs based monitoring will serve as a prototype in the other parts of the world where ground observations are limited or not available.
Present article seeks to analyze the impact of training programmes on the professional development skills of the academics working primarily at the Regional Centers of Indira Gandhi National Open University spread across the country. Article also seeks to analyze how the issues pertaining to the academics which include educational, administration, student support, supervision and maintenance of study centers. monitoring, staff development, survey and research activities, development of self instructional material, admission, examination, teleconferencing, interactive radio counseling, gyanvani, tele-learning center activities, maintenance of database, financial and administrative matters were taken up while imparting training. Interrelationship among the variables was also analyzed in order to asses the impact one variable on the other variables by using regression technique, i.e while dealing with the issues pertaining to educational administration the impact of training on monitoring was also assessed.
Springshed management across mountainous states, such as India and Nepal, has paved the way for the groundwater recharge process. In contrast, despite introducing several interventions, the Bangladeshi government has never been officially exposed to such sustainable ideas for a spring revival. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose water security for the Himalayan region by applying an environmental security framework. Community perceptions documented through focus group discussions and key informant interviews, as well as water sample testing, helped highlight the existing issues of water scarcity, accessibility, quality, and governance structure. Exemplifying the condition of Bandarban in Bangladesh, notable gaps were found in spring-related scientific understanding. Specifically, the lack of adequate reservoirs, institutional coordination, water supply, utility maintenance, and accessibility hurdles were identified as areas requiring immediate attention. As a recovery route, a six-step protocol of springshed management shows more promising outcomes. However, Sikkim communities in India raised questions over its efficacy due to the improper execution of said protocols. A limited understanding of hill science, including inventory and inadequate inspections before implementation, were found to result in only partial success. Upgrading remains a challenge as maladaptation might increase landslides. Therefore, development plans demand rigorous science-based investigation, consideration of local community knowledge, and (pilot) monitoring before the upscaling of springshed projects can be successfully conducted.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the complex, but essential components of the hydrologic cycle. Advances in remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) have enabled us to estimate ET spatially. In the present study, both, RS and GIS tools have been utilized to estimate the actual crop ET by surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) model using high spatial resolution satellite image Landsat7 ETM+ for Hisar district, Haryana in north India. Previously calibrated and validated SEBAL model with lysimeter data within the same agroclimatic zone were used in the study. Derived actual ET from lysimeter data validated SEBAL method was again validated using Penman-Montieth (PM) method for the study area located in the same agro-climatic zone. Based on the primary and secondary data analysis, it can be inferred that SEBAL ET is the best spatial ET estimation model for Hisar district or regions having similar agro-climatic conditions. Validation of SEBAL ET with ground-observed lysimeter data showed high coefficient of correlation (R 2 = 0.91). Validation using the PM method also showed high coefficient of correlation (R 2 = 0.835). Other statistical parameters (RMSE = 0.583, NRMSE = 0.236) also showed good agreement between actual SEBAL ET c and PM ET c (crop evapotranspiration). It was also found that any prior knowledge about the crops, their types and cropping seasons is not required for the estimation of actual ET by SEBAL model. Keywords: Energy balance algorithm, evapotranspiration, ground truthing, remote sensing, wheat.OVER the last few decades with the reduction of water resources, India is facing critical problems with industrial and agricultural growth being impacted 1 . In agriculture, water requirements are associated with irrigation water use. Prediction of irrigation water demand involves computation of many water balance factors, and evapotranspiration (ET) is one of its major components. ET is the combined loss of water from the soil as well as plants and it is a crucial component of the hydrologic cycle. At the same time, ET depends upon several factors and is difficult to calculate precisely. Remote sensing (RS) techniques are emerging to solve this problem by providing reliable algorithms. Several models have been developed to derive ET fluxes like surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) 2 , simplified surface energy balance index (S-SEBI) 3 , two-source energy balance (TSEB) 4 and surface energy balance system (SEBS) 5 . SEBAL is one of the best models to estimate spatial ET because it calculates the fluxes independently from land cover and can handle thermal infrared images at resolutions between a few metres and several kilometres 6 . Due to these major advantages of this surface energy balance model, it was adopted for the spatial estimation of ET in Hisar district, Haryana, India. SEBAL model was used in the present study which was already validated using lysimeter data from a nearby location, i.e. Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Instit...
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