For the foreseeable future, vaccines are the cornerstone in the global campaign against the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. As the number and fatalities due to COVID-19 decline and the lockdown anywise rescinded, we recognize an increase in the incidence of autoimmune disease post-COVID-19 vaccination. However, the causality of the most vaccine-induced side effects is debatable and, at best, limited to a temporal correlation. We herein report a case of a 51-year-old gentleman who developed Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) 2 week post-COVID-19 vaccination. The patient responded favorably to oral steroids and rituximab. Additionally, we conducted a case-based review of vaccine-associated AAV describing their clinical manifestations and treatment response of this emerging entity.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00296-021-05069-x.
Polyindole-based hybrid composites are being recognized as a promising candidate to be used in energy storage field along with other conjugated organic polymers. Polyindoles themselves are affected with low electrical and electrochemical conductivity; nevertheless, high redox activity, tunable electrical conductivity, significant thermal stability, slow degradation rate, and possible blending property give them upper hand to be used as a good contender. Certain factors viz. electrolyte, concentration, morphology, pH, temperature, etc., are major components affecting performance of Polyindole and its composites. This assessment recapitulates the position of Polyindole and its hybrid composite to be used as energy harvest material; in addition, this evaluation also pronounces the future aspect of the hybrids.
An attempt was taken to synthesize two types of polyaniline (PANI) with and without solvent followed by drying in air and vacuum oven conditions resulting different morphologies. The PANIs were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization and studied with respect to their morphological features. Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy techniques were used for the characterization studies. The PANI synthesized with a solvent had a mixed morphology (fibrillar and granular), whereas PANI synthesized without a solvent had only a granular morphology. The direct-current electrical conductivities of the samples were evaluated with an electrometer. We observed that the PANIs with mixed morphology (with solvent) were more electrically conducting than those with a single morphology (without solvent). On drying in vacuo, the conductivity of PANI decreased from 3.3 3 10 22 to 0.3 3 10 22 S/cm with solvent treatment, whereas it decreased from 0.1 3 10 22 to 0.3 3 10 23 S/cm without solvent treatment. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44091.
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