A lv Port opening area of the orifice of the unloading DC valve (m 2) A port Port opening area of the port of the soft switch (m 2) A P_x Port opening area of the DCV (m 2) A ss Area of the piston of the soft switch (m 2) A v Valve orifice area (m 2) C Single port energy storage capacitor element in bond graph model C d Coefficient of discharge C D Coefficient of flow through check valve C ss Radial clearance of the piston of the soft switch (µm) De Effort dictator element in bond graph model Df Flow dictator element in bond graph model D m Volume displacement rate of the hydro-motor (m 3 rad −1) D p Volume displacement rate of the radial piston pump (m 3 rad −1) e Effort in bond graph model E throtloss Throttling energy loss (J) f Flow in bond graph model F preload Preload of the spring of the soft switch (N) I Single port energy storage inertial element in bond graph model J Load inertia of the rotating shaft of the hydro-motor (kg m 2) K Bulk modulus of air free flowing fluid (N m −2
Different strategies for improving the energy efficiency of a power hydraulic system have been reviewed in this article. The energy-saving scheme is classified into three categories: S ystem design, Improving components or product functions and Loss reduction. The sub-categories of energy-saving strategies are discussed briefly. Also, different energy-saving potentials of power hydraulic system are presented in tabular form for clear understanding on the chronological development toward energy-efficient fluid power system.
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