The significantly elevated malondialdehyde, nitrite and protein carbonyl values reflect increased oxidative stress, whereas decreased concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, ascorbic acid, zinc, copper, ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase point toward utilization of the antioxidants in neurocysticercosis. The observed changes in oxidants and antioxidants suggest the production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxides and hydroxyl radicals and their possible role in pathogenesis of neurocysticercosis.

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This review aimed to study and discuss the effects of organic and inorganic sources of trace minerals; zinc, copper, and manganese in the diet of laying hens on egg production and quality. These trace minerals are required in producing proteins that are involved in various biochemical reactions, hormone secretion pathways, eggshell formation, antioxidative properties, immune system defence, etc. The results of different studies were not always consistent, mainly concerning the egg quality indices; however, most of the findings have shown positive effects of these trace minerals on laying hens. Recent studies have shown organic minerals are a more effective source than inorganic. The benefit of using organic sources is their lower inclusion rates due to their better absorption rate and the low output through excreta.

An established analytical method was further standardized for the estimation of spinosad residue in tomato grown under naturally ventilated polyhouse situated in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Spinosad was sprayed on hybrid tomato cv. Avtar at the recommended and double the recommended dosages at 15 and 30 g a.i. ha(-1), respectively, to control the lepidopterous pests and the residue were analysed from tomato fruits at different intervals after second spray. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water mixture (8:2), partitioned into dichloromethane, methanol and anhydrous sodium hydroxide. The extracts were concentrated under vacuum and cleaned up with silica solid phase extraction cartridge. Further, the samples were analysed in high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV/visible detector at λ = 250 nm and C18 reversed-phase column. Consistent recoveries ranging from 80.6 ± 1.1 to 91.4 ± 1.2 % were observed when samples were spiked at fortification range of 0.01 to 0.20 mg kg(-1). The limit of quantification of the method was worked out to be 0.02 mg kg(-1). The half-life values of spinosad were determined to be 1.20 and 1.60 days at recommended and double the recommended dosage, respectively. The safety interval for spinosad sprayed tomato fruit was determined to be 1.92 and 3.88 days at application rate of 15 and 30 g a.i. ha(-1), respectively.

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