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Mediterranean landscapes have been used by humans for thousands of years, particularly some areas of the East Mediterranean, e.g. in Israel. This land use has had profound effects on the dynamics of the woodlands in time and space, with the result that woodland regeneration has only been possible during periods of low human population density and hence low levels of grazing. The aim of this paper is therefore to find out how woodland species have been able to cope with the rapidly changing habitats. For this purpose, ground beetles were sampled over a period of one year using 10 pitfall traps per study site at two sites located in the Upper Galilee (northern Israel). The sites comprise two old-growth woodlands, two recent woodlands and two open habitats. The wing development of all sampled species was checked. Carabid beetles belonging to 21 genera and 34 species were found. Most individuals were found in old-growth woodlands On the basis of a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the habitat preferences of three ground beetle groups could be distinguished: old-growth woodland species, species of recent woodlands and species of open habitats. We found that two-thirds of the group of open habitat species are brachypterous and three out of the four woodland species are macropterous. Since woodlands with a long ecological continuity are also important for other groups of organisms such as saproxylic beetles, we recommend the conservation of all woodland development stages in the study area.

Th is key to the Carabus species of Israel is an updated identifi cation key with notes on the distribution and habitats of the species. Substantial additions, corrections and taxonomic changes on the Carabus fauna of the Middle East generated the need of an update of the knowledge of the genus Carabus in Israel. Th e classifi cation and the identifi cation of sibling taxa of the subgenus Lamprostus are still a problem: A zone of sympatry supports the species status of both C. sidonius and C. hemprichi. Th e lack of any evidence of sympatry for the taxa in species rank of the C. syrus group and their variability of the exoskeleton (mentum tooth, tip of aedeagus) requires further systematic and taxonomic studies.