Research on the contribution of understory components to the total above ground biomass (AGB) has to date received very little attention because most prior biomass estimation studies have ignored small regenerating trees beneath the main canopy with the assumption that their contribution to biomass is generally negligible. Only a few biomass studies have emphasized a considerable contribution to biomass of understory components in forest ecosystems. However, this study of native, tropical, deciduous forest biomass in the Central Highlands of Vietnam was able to explore the contribution of small regenerating trees to total biomass by exploiting a large field inventory of hundreds to thousands of individually-counted small regenerating trees per hectare. Thus, this study investigated the influence of small regenerating tree biomass on models of the relationship between total AGB and remote sensing data. These analyses were trained with and without topographic variables derived from ASTER-GDEM. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of small regenerating understory trees (R2 = 0.42, NRMSE or %RMSE = 30.5%) provides a quantifiable improvement in total estimated AGB compared to using only large woody canopy trees (R2 = 0.21, NRMSE or %RMSE = 36.6%) when correlating field-based biomass measurements with optical image-derived variables. All analyses show that the inclusion of terrain factors made an important contribution to biomass modeling. This study suggests that for young, open forests where there are many small regenerating trees, the contribution of understory biomass should be taken into consideration to improve total AGB estimation.
In this paper, we propose an approach to design recovery of real-time graphical applications -such as flight simulators and games -that uses video to link lowerlevel code events with their higher-level graphical manifestations. Such a link can be used for both top-down and bottom-up design recovery. Top-down, one can identify an interesting visual event in the video and then see which lower-level code event(s) are responsible for it. Bottomup, one can explain code of interest by seeing the sorts of high-level visual events in the video to which that code corresponds. The link between low-level code events and high-level visual events can be established by inspection or through an automated technique.As an example of the latter, clicking on a falling creature in the video would yield code specific to the falling creature -excluding irrelevant code from other walking/climbing creatures at that same moment in the video. We shall demonstrate by example how our design recovery method sheds light on the design of real-time graphical applications.
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