In Viet Nam, climate change is becoming more and more obvious, causing many difficulties for people's livelihood, especially for ethnic minorities, who still have limitations in terms of education and responding skills and therefore they have very few livelihood options. The Co Tu people are ethnic minorities living mainly in the mountainous communes of Hoa Vang district, Da Nang City, Viet Nam. The consequences of climate change directly affect the physical and spiritual life of the local inhabitants. The objective of this study is to assess the livelihood vulnerability to climate change for the Co Tu ethnic group in Hoa Vang district, Da Nang City based on the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). This empirical research has implemented the framework for Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change proposed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results of the study show that the livelihood vulnerability of the Co Tu ethnic group in Da Nang is relatively low, in the Co Tu people in Phu Tuc village have a livelihood vulnerability lower than the Ta Lang and Gian Bi villages. However, some aspects need to be improved such as social network, health, food, and household living conditions. This research contributes to raising awareness against climate change and environmental protection; at the same time, it helps management agencies to have appropriate policies to ensure synchronous development and improve all aspects of the community's life.
ZnO, C3N4 and ZnO/g-C3N4 composite were prepared for degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The obtained samples were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The results showed that the ZnO/g-C3N4 composite had a lower surface area and pore volume than ZnO and g-C3N4. The bandgap energy of ZnO/g-C3N4 composite was 3.20 eV showing a slight decrease with that of pure ZnO (3.21 eV). The degradation of MB on g-C3N4 was higher than those of ZnO and ZnO/g-C3N4composite in initial 40 min, but its degradation reaction rate was lower than those of ZnO and ZnO/g-C3N4composite in 90 min. As the result, the ZnO/g-C3N4composite exhibited the highest degradation efficiency (93.2 %) among the prepared samples. In addition, the effect of molar ratio of ZnO:g-C3N4 on photocatalytic activity and photocatalytic mechanism under visible light was investigated. The remarkable improvement photocatalytic activity of ZnO/g-C3N4composite could be attributed to reduced recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs by the presence of g-C3N4 in the composite.
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