In this work, a numerical study of polymer flow behaviors in a lid-driven cavity, which is inspired by the coating process, at a broad range of Oldroyd numbers (0≤Od≤50), is carried out. The Reynolds number is height-based and kept at Re=0.001. The fluid investigated is of Carbopol gel possessing yield stress and shear-thinning properties. To express rheological characteristics, the Herschel–Bulkley model cooperated with Papanastasiou’s regularization scheme is utilized. Results show that the polymer flow characteristics, i.e., velocity, viscosity, and vortex distributions, are considerably influenced by viscoplastic behaviors. Additionally, there exist solid-like regions which can be of either moving rigid or static dead types in the flow patterns; they become greater and tend to merge together to construct larger ones when Od increases. Furthermore, various polymer flow aspects in different cavity configurations are discussed and analyzed; the cavity width/aspect ratio and skewed angle are found to have significant impacts on the vortex structures and the formation of solid-like regions. Moreover, results for the critical aspect ratio at which the static dead zone is broken into two parts and the characteristic height of this zone are also reported in detail.
<p>This paper studies the factors that cause the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) and identify the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs). After presenting the context of pressure ulcers (PUs), we will provide a summary of the causes of pressure ulcers (PUs) formation, which were published in the literature. Then, we will study the investigative processes using numerical simulations and experiments to evaluate the factors that influence the development of pressure ulcers (PUs). The purpose of this research will provide the preventive measures and appropriate treatments for people using a wheelchair or those with disabilities. The results of this study contribute to the prediction of factors that can cause pressure ulcers to improve comfort seating and the quality of life for people with disabilities.</p>
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