It has been suggested that surface applications of animal manure can ameliorate both top and subsoil acidity. For that reason, the effects of surface incorporation (0-5 cm) of a high rate of poultry manure to an acid soil on pH and exchangeable and soluble Al in the top-and subsoil were investigated in a leaching column study. During the experimental period of 108 d, columns received a total of 875 mm with leaching events occurring after 9, 37, 58, and 86 d. Incorporation of poultry manure into the surface 5 cm resulted in a large rise in pH measured in both 1M KCl and in soil solution. This liming effect was attributed primarily to the substantial CaCO 3 content of poultry manure. In the 15-45 cm layer, pH KCl was not significantly different between poultry manure and control treatments but surprisingly, soil-solution pH was substantially less in the poultry-manure treatments. Exchangeable Al was significantly less in poultry manure than in control in all soil layers although the effect was most marked in the 0-5 cm layer. However, although concentrations and activities of monomeric Al (Al mono ), and the proportion of total Al present as Al mono , in soil solution were lower under poultry manure than in control in the 0-5 cm layer, the reverse was, in fact, the case in lower soil horizons. This was attributed to a solublesalt effect, originating from the large cation content of poultry manure, displacing exchangeable Al 3+ and H + back into soil solution. Indeed, electrical conductivity and concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , and Na + in soil solution were substantially higher in the poultry-manure than in the control treatments at all soil depths. Poultry-manure applications also resulted in substantial increases in the concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Na + , Al mono , NH 4 , and NO À 3 in leachates, particularly at the fourth leaching. It was concluded that although surface application of poultry manure can raise soil pH in the topsoil, increases in soluble-salt concentrations in soil solution can greatly modify this effect in the subsoil.
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