Accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones are frequent findings in routine radiographs of the ankle and foot. They are commonly considered fortuitous and unrelated to the patient's complaint; however, they may eventually cause painful syndromes or degenerative changes in response to overuse and trauma. They may also suffer or simulate fractures. Our aim was to review, illustrate and discuss the imaging findings of some of the more frequent accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot region, with particular emphasis on those that may be of clinical significance or simulate fractures.
Open repair of massive rotator cuff tears may reach a favorable outcome in a significant proportion of patients, despite a high rate of recurrent or residual tears. Oblique coronal sizes of the recurrent or residual tear of less than or equal to 34 mm and postoperative fatty degenerations of infraspinatus muscle of less than or equal to 2 may allow a favorable outcome.
The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and radiologic findings of lymphoma involving the breast, separately evaluating primary and secondary forms. We retrospectively reviewed the medical reports of 28 patients with lymphoma of the breast: 12 patients with primary lymphoma and 16 with secondary lymphoma. In primary lymphoma, mammography revealed a solitary mass (58.3%), multiple unilateral masses (8.3%), unilateral diffuse involvement (25%), and bilateral diffuse involvement (8.3%). The margins of masses were irregular (50%), partially defined (37.5%), and well defined (12.5%). The mean diameter of the masses was 4.6 cm. In secondary lymphoma, mammography revealed multiple masses (56.2%), solitary masses (12.5%), and diffuse unilateral breast involvement (31.2%). Their margins were irregular (18.1%), partially defined (27.2%), and well-defined (54.5%). The mean diameter of the masses was 2.8 cm. Cytologic examination (n = 13) was demonstrative of lymphomatous involvement in all cases. We observed an association between high-grade types of malignancy and a diffuse pattern of radiologic breast involvement. Masses in primary disease tended to have less-defined margins and greater diameters than those observed in secondary cases. Cytologic examination proved to be a useful diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of secondary disease. The involvement of the breast in extranodal lymphomas does not seem to affect the prognosis of the disease.
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