Accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones are frequent findings in routine radiographs of the ankle and foot. They are commonly considered fortuitous and unrelated to the patient's complaint; however, they may eventually cause painful syndromes or degenerative changes in response to overuse and trauma. They may also suffer or simulate fractures. Our aim was to review, illustrate and discuss the imaging findings of some of the more frequent accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot region, with particular emphasis on those that may be of clinical significance or simulate fractures.

Open repair of massive rotator cuff tears may reach a favorable outcome in a significant proportion of patients, despite a high rate of recurrent or residual tears. Oblique coronal sizes of the recurrent or residual tear of less than or equal to 34 mm and postoperative fatty degenerations of infraspinatus muscle of less than or equal to 2 may allow a favorable outcome.

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MR arthrography is a useful and accurate technique in the diagnosis of SLAP lesions of the shoulder. MR arthrography provides pertinent preoperative information with regard to the exact location of tears and grade of involvement of the biceps tendon.

To evaluate and compare the diagnostic utility of multiple quantitative parameters as measured on knee magnetic resonance (MR) examinations of patients suffering objective patellar instability (OPI). We performed a retrospective evaluation of knee MR examinations in a group of 46 patients (59 knees) with clinically proven OPI, and in a control group of 69 patients (71 knees). Multiple quantitative parameters in both groups were statistically evaluated and compared for their association with OPI. OPI patients tend to present shallower trochlear groove (<5 mm), larger Insall-Salvati index (>1.2), shorter patellar nose (<9 mm), smaller morphology ratio (<1.2), and larger patellar tilt (>11 degrees ) than control patients. The best sensitivities were those of the lateral patellar tilt (92.7%), the trochlear groove depth at the roman arch level (85.7%) and the Insall-Salvati index (78%). The best specificities were those of the morphology ratio (86.9%), the patellar nose (84.5%) and the patellar tendon length (84.5%). Shallow trochlear groove may be confidently identified at the roman arch view in OPI patients. Patella alta may be more reliably detected by the Insall-Salvati index in OPI patients. Patellar nose and morphology ratio are very specific indicators of OPI. A short patellar nose (that is to say, a patellar nose ratio of <0.25) has a high association with OPI. Lateral patellar tilt remains the single feature with the highest sensitivity and specificity for identifying OPI patients.