Short Description or Definition Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication skills, as well as stereotypic behaviors and restricted activities and interests. Also included within ASDs are conditions which were previously classified as Asperger syndrome (AS) and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), but now all contained within the diagnosis ASD (DSM-5 2013). Recent studies in Europe and the United States indicate a prevalence of ASD ranging from 1.4 to 212 per 10,000 individuals (CDC 2012; Elsabbagh et al. 2012). Males, compared to females, are circa four times more frequently affected (Rinehart et al. 2002; Williams et al. 2013). The severity specifiers (level 1: requiring support; level 2: requiring substantial support; level 3: requiring very substantial support) may be used to describe succinctly the current symptomatology, with the recognition that severity may vary by context and fluctuate over time (DSM-5 2013). Recent studies show that more than 70% of all children diagnosed with ASD have at least one and 41% have at least two comorbid psychiatric disorders (Simonoff et al. 2008). In adults with ASD, comorbid psychiatric disorders are common as well. The most common coexisting psychiatric conditions in children and in adults with ASD are intellectual disability, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and mood disorders (Geurts et al. 2010). This section will focus on the epidemiology, natural history, prognostic factors, outcomes, clinical expression, pathophysiology, evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of mood disorders in patients with ASD. Categorization The term "mood disorder" describes a group of various psychiatric disorders characterized by mood disturbance. According to the DSM-5, this group can be divided into "depressive disorders" and "bipolar and related disorders." Depressive disorders include the major depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent
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