Molecular
orientation at the donor–acceptor interface plays
a crucial role in determining the efficiency of organic semiconductor
materials. We have used vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy
to determine the orientation of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) at the
planar buried interface with fullerene (C60). The thiophene
rings of P3HT have been found to tilt significantly toward C60, making an average angle θ ≈ 49° ± 10°
between the plane of the ring and the interface. Such tilt may be
attributed to π–π stacking interactions between
P3HT and C60 and may facilitate efficient charge transfer
between donor and acceptor. Upon annealing, the thiophene rings tilt
away from the interface by Δθ = 12–19°. This
may be attributed to higher crystallinity of annealed P3HT that propagates
all the way to the interface, resulting in more “edge-on”
orientation, which is consistent with the observed red-shift by ∼6
cm–1 and spectral narrowing of the C=C stretch bands.
Ultrathin silicon solar cells fabricated by anisotropic wet chemical etching of single-crystalline wafer materials represent an attractive materials platform that could provide many advantages for realizing high-performance, low-cost photovoltaics. However, their intrinsically limited photovoltaic performance arising from insufficient absorption of low-energy photons demands careful design of light management to maximize the efficiency and preserve the cost-effectiveness of solar cells. Herein we present an integrated flexible solar module of ultrathin, nanostructured silicon solar cells capable of simultaneously exploiting spectral upconversion and downshifting in conjunction with multispectral luminescent waveguides and a nanostructured plasmonic reflector to compensate for their weak optical absorption and enhance their performance. The 8 μm-thick silicon solar cells incorporating a hexagonally periodic nanostructured surface relief are surface-embedded in layered multispectral luminescent media containing organic dyes and NaYF:Yb,Er nanocrystals as downshifting and upconverting luminophores, respectively, via printing-enabled deterministic materials assembly. The ultrathin nanostructured silicon microcells in the composite luminescent waveguide exhibit strongly augmented photocurrent (∼40.1 mA/cm) and energy conversion efficiency (∼12.8%) than devices with only a single type of luminescent species, owing to the synergistic contributions from optical downshifting, plasmonically enhanced upconversion, and waveguided photon flux for optical concentration, where the short-circuit current density increased by ∼13.6 mA/cm compared with microcells in a nonluminescent medium on a plain silver reflector under a confined illumination.
Spectral upconversion has the potential to compensate for sub-bandgap transparency of single-junction solar cells. Here a composite module of GaAs solar cells is presented that can improve their one-Sun photovoltaic performance by capturing long-wavelength photons below the bandgap via plasmonically enhanced spectral upconversion. Ultrathin, microscale GaAs solar cells released from the growth wafer and etched with a bottom contact layer are printed on a polymeric waveguide containing NaYF 4 :Er 3+ , Yb 3+ upconversion nanocrystals (UCNC), coated on a plasmonic reflector composed of hole-post hybrid silver nanostructure. The photovoltaic efficiency of GaAs microcells on a UCNC-incorporated plasmonic substrate is increased by ∼6.4% (relative) and ∼11.8% (relative), respectively, compared to those on a nanostructured silver reflector without UCNC and on a plain silver reflector with UCNC, owing to the combined effects of local electric-field amplification to enhance the absorption of UCNC, augmented upconverted emission via coupling into radiative modes, as well as waveguided photon concentration.
Phyllosilicate clays are layered
structures with diverse nanoscale
morphology depending on the composition. Size mismatch between the
sheets can cause them to form nanoscrolls, a spiral structure with
different inner and outer surface charges. The hydroxyls on the exposed
surface of the nanoscrolls determine the adsorption properties and
hydrophilicity of the surface. Vibrational sum frequency generation
(VSFG) spectroscopy was applied to study the surface hydroxyls of
nickel phyllosilicate (Ni3Si2O5(OH)4), revealing three distinct in-phase OH-stretch modes: 3642,
3645, and 3653 cm–1. The relative signs of the peaks
allow their assignment as “outward” and “inward”
pointing hydroxyls on the opposite sides of the scrolled sheet, consistent
with the crystal structure. Orientational analysis of polarization-selected
VSFG spectra is consistent with a broad (140–164°) step-function
distribution of the OH-stretch tilt angles, which we attribute to
the uncompensated portion of the scroll rolled more than a whole number
of full turns.
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