Sex and race were associated with maturation-specific differences in cortical BMD and dimensions that were not fully explained by differences in bone length or muscle. No race or sex differences in the functional muscle bone unit were identified.
Indoor
dust is a reservoir for commercial consumer product chemicals,
including many compounds with known or suspected health effects. However,
most dust exposure studies measure few chemicals in small samples.
We systematically searched the U.S. indoor dust literature on phthalates,
replacement flame retardants (RFRs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs),
synthetic fragrances, and environmental phenols and estimated pooled
geometric means (GMs) and 95% confidence intervals for 45 chemicals
measured in ≥3 data sets. In order to rank and contextualize
these results, we used the pooled GMs to calculate residential intake
from dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal uptake from air, and then
identified hazard traits from the Safer Consumer Products Candidate
Chemical List. Our results indicate that U.S. indoor dust consistently
contains chemicals from multiple classes. Phthalates occurred in the
highest concentrations, followed by phenols, RFRs, fragrance, and
PFASs. Several phthalates and RFRs had the highest residential intakes.
We also found that many chemicals in dust share hazard traits such
as reproductive and endocrine toxicity. We offer recommendations to
maximize comparability of studies and advance indoor exposure science.
This information is critical in shaping future exposure and health
studies, especially related to cumulative exposures, and in providing
evidence for intervention development and public policy.
These findings suggest that exposure to specific EDCs is associated with increased inflammation among women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Future studies should replicate these findings in additional study populations and examine the implications of these associations for maternal and child health.
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