Abstrak: Penyakit Parkinson atau Parkinson’s disease (PD) merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif yang bersifat kronis, progresif, dan tidak dapat disembuhkan sehingga penyakit ini memiliki dampak sosial yang besar. Pengobatan yang digunakan saat ini tidak dapat menghentikan perjalanan PD dan memiliki efek samping yang merugikan. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan terapi tambahan dengan risiko efek samping yang lebih rendah seperti vitamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui vitamin apa saja yang berperan dan bagaimana mekanisme peran vitamin tersebut dalam membantu penanganan PD. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Literature Review. Berdasarkan artikel yang dianalisis, vitamin memiliki peran dalam penanganan PD. Vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid) bermanfaat melalui mekanisme neuroproteksi pada neuron dopaminergik. Vitamin B3 (niasin) berpotensi dalam mengurangi peradangan saraf. Vitamin B12 dalam penelitian in vitro berperan melalui mekanisme inhibisi terhadap agregasi α-synuclein, menghambat aktivitas kinase leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), dan mencegah neurotoksisitas. Vitamin C (asam askorbat) efektif untuk menurunkan stres oksidatif. Vitamin E memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan antioksidan serta dapat meningkatkan kapasitas antioksidan total, dan meningkatkan GSH. Penggunaan vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid), vitamin B3, vitamin B12, vitamin C (dalam dosis dan jangka waktu tertentu), dan vitamin E bermanfaat untuk agen terapeutik PD. Vitamin B12, berdasarkan literature review perlu penelitian lebih lanjut namun tampaknya dapat menjadi terapi pendukung PD.Kata kunci: Vitamin, Penyakit Parkinson, Stres Oksidatif, Peradangan Saraf Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, and incurable neurodegenerative disease that has a major social impact. The medications currently used cannot stop the course of PD and have adverse side effects. Therefore additional therapy with a lower risk of side effects such as vitamins is needed. This study aims to determine which vitamins play a role and how the mechanism of the role of these vitamins in helping treat PD. This research was conducted using the Literature Review method. Based on the articles analyzed, vitamins have a role in the management of PD. Vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid) is beneficial through neuroprotection in dopaminergic neurons. Vitamin B3 (niacin) has the potential to reduce nerve inflammation. Vitamin B12 in in vitro studies plays a role through inhibitory mechanisms of α-synuclein aggregation, inhibits the activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and prevents neurotoxicity. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is effective for reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin E has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and can increase the total antioxidant capacity and increase GSH. The use of vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid), vitamin B3, vitamin B12, vitamin C (in certain doses and for a certain time), and vitamin E are beneficial for the therapeutic agent of PD. For vitamin B12, based on the literature review, further research is needed but seems to be a supportive therapy for PD.Keywords: Vitamins, Parkinson's Disease, Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation
Background: Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia is suggested to possess a protective effect toward the hypoxic condition. The aim of this study is to analyze the expression of cytoglobin (Cygb), neuroglobin (Ngb) and the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain tissue as adaptive responses to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Methods: Twenty-five adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) The control group (normoxia); 2) group exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH); 3) group exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) on day-1 and re-exposed on day-8 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia once or IHH1x); 4) group that is exposed to HH on day-1, re-exposed to HH on day-8 and day-15 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia two times or IHH2x); 5) group exposed to HH on day-1, re-exposed to HH on day-8, day-15 and day-22 (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 3x or IHH3x). Homogenized brain tissue was then measured and analyzed for Cygb and Ngb protein expression, and also AChE specific activity. Results: Cytoglobin and Ngb were decreased in the acute induction and increased significantly along with the increasing frequency of the IHH induction. There were significant differences in Cygb expression between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia group, and between IHH1x, IHH2x and IHH3x compared to AHH group. There were significant differences in Ngb expression between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia group and between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to AHH group. The specific activity of AChE was increased significantly since the first induction of AHH, but then decreased in IHH3x. There were significant differences in the specific activity of AChE between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to normoxia and between IHH2x and IHH3x groups compared to IHH1x groups. Conclusions: We conclude that IHH, especially IHH3x, seems to induce the protective adaptive response in the rat brain tissue through the changes of these three parameters.
Numerous approaches have been developed to group learners' behavior in an online/blended learning environment. However, most clustering analyses in this particular field only consider numeric features despite the existence of categoric features that are found important in other studies. In this study, we compare K-Means and K-Prototypes algorithms to cluster learners' behavior in a flipped classroom implementation. From the model selection, we found that the model produced by the K-Prototypes algorithmwhich included categoric featuresis a better one. The statistical analysis of the clustering results of the selected K-Prototypes model shows significant differences in most of the inter-cluster comparisons, implying a good separation of the data. More importantly, we can identify the behavior in each cluster which then can be used to help learners in achieving better results in learning.
Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR TB) is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first line of antituberculosis drugs are rifampicin and isoniazid. Globally, in 2017 there were around 558.000 new cases (range, 483.000-639.000) resistant TB rifampicin (TB RR), nearly half of which were in three counties, India (24%), China (13%), and Rusia (10%). WHO estimates that there are 23.000 cases of MDR/RR in Indonesia. In 2017, there were 442.000 TB cases recorded in the program, of which an estimated 8.600-15.000 MDR/RR TB cases. The research to determine the factors that influence Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR TB).this type of research is in the form of literature review with design of case control study and cross sectional study. The results showed that the risk factors were proven to influence the occurrence (MDR TB). The conclusion from 15 articles reviewed, it shows that age, gender, treatment irregularity and medication adherence are the most influencing factors for TB MDR.Keywords: Factors, TB MDR, multidrug resistance tuberculosis Abstrak: Tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance (TB MDR) merupakan resistensi Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap jenis Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) lini pertama yaitu rifampisin dan isoniazid. Di tingkat global, di tahun 2017 terdapat sekitar 558.000 kasus baru (rentang, 483.000 - 639.000) TB rifampisin (TB RR) resistan di mana hampir separuhnya ada di tiga negara yaitu India (24%), China (13%), dan Rusia (10%). WHO memperkirakan ada 23.000 kasus MDR/RR di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2017 kasus TB yang tercatat di program ada sejumlah 442.000 kasus yang mana dari kasus tersebut diperkirakan ada 8.600-15.000 MDR/RR TB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance (TB MDR). Jenis penelitian ini berbentuk literature Review dengan rancangan case control study dan cross sectional study. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko terbukti mempengaruhi terjadinya (TB MDR). simpulan dari 15 artikel yang di review, menunjukkan bahwa usia, jenis kelamin, ketidakteraturan berobat, dan kepatuhan minum obat merupakan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi terjadinyaTB MDR.Kata Kunci : Faktor – faktor, TB MDR, factors, multidrug tuberculosis
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