Matrix differential Riccati equations are central in filtering and optimal control theory. The purpose of this article is to develop a perturbation theory for a class of stochastic matrix Riccati diffusions. Diffusions of this type arise, for example, in the analysis of ensemble Kalman-Bucy filters since they describe the flow of certain sample covariance estimates. In this context, the random perturbations come from the fluctuations of a mean field particle interpretation of a class of nonlinear diffusions equipped with an interacting sample covariance matrix functional. The main purpose of this article is to derive non-asymptotic Taylor-type expansions of stochastic matrix Riccati flows with respect to some perturbation parameter. These expansions rely on an original combination of stochastic differential analysis and nonlinear semigroup techniques on matrix spaces. The results here quantify the fluctuation of the stochastic flow around the limiting deterministic Riccati equation, at any order. The convergence of the interacting sample covariance matrices to the deterministic Riccati flow is proven as the number of particles tends to infinity. Also presented are refined moment estimates and sharp bias and variance estimates. These expansions are also used to deduce a functional central limit theorem at the level of the diffusion process in matrix spaces.Résumé: Les équations de Riccati matricielles jouent un rôle important dans la théorie du filtrage et du contrôle optimal. Cet article présente une théorie des perturbations d'une classe d'équations de Riccati matricielles stochastiques. Ces modèles probabilistes sont d'un usage courant dans la théorie des filtres de Kalman d'Ensemble. Ils représentent dans ce contexte l'évolution des matrices de covariance empiriques associées à un ensemble de diffusions en interaction. Les perturbations aléatoires résultent des fluctuations stochastiques d'un système de particules de type champ moyen interagissant avec la mesure empirique du système. Nous présentons dans cet article une formule de Taylor non asymptotique pour des flots stochastiques de diffusion de Riccati matricelles par rapport à un paramètre de fluctuation. Ces développements sont fondés sur un nouveau calcul différentiel stochastique et une analyse fine de semigroupes non linéaires dans des espaces de matrices. Ces résultats permettent de quantifier avec précision les fluctuations des flots de matrices stochastiques autour des systèmes limites à tout ordre. Nous illustrons ces résultats avec une preuve de la convergence des matrices empiriques de filtres de Kalman d'Ensemble vers la solution d'équations de Riccati déterministes lorsque le nombre de particules tends vers l'infini. Nous présentons dans ce cadre des estimations fines des biais et des variances, ainsi qu'un theorème de la limite centrale fonctionnel au niveau du processus matriciel.
<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Localization and reconstruction of small defects in acoustic or electromagnetic waveguides is of crucial interest in nondestructive evaluation of structures. The aim of this work is to present a new multi-frequency inversion method to reconstruct small defects in a 2D waveguide. Given one-side multi-frequency wave field measurements of propagating modes, we use a Born approximation to provide a <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \text{L}^2 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-stable reconstruction of three types of defects: a local perturbation inside the waveguide, a bending of the waveguide, and a localized defect in the geometry of the waveguide. This method is based on a mode-by-mode spacial Fourier inversion from the available partial data in the Fourier domain. Indeed, in the available data, some high and low spatial frequency information on the defect are missing. We overcome this issue using both a compact support hypothesis and a minimal smoothness hypothesis on the defects. We also provide a suitable numerical method for efficient reconstruction of such defects and we discuss its applications and limits.</p>
These lecture notes provide a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to the analysis of Wishart matrix moments. This study may act as an introduction to some particular aspects of random matrix theory, or as a self-contained exposition of Wishart matrix moments.
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