Background Diets higher in protein have been reported to improve age-related changes in body composition via increased energy expenditure, shifts in substrate oxidation (SO), and decreased appetite. However, how protein source (e.g., animal compared with plant protein) affects energy expenditure, appetite, and food intake as we age is unknown. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein source as part of a high-protein breakfast on appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation in young men (YM) compared with older men (OM). Methods This study used a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, with a 1-wk washout period between testing days. Fifteen YM (mean ± SD age: 25.2 ± 2.8 y) and 15 OM (67.7 ± 4.5 y), healthy adults, participated in the study. Participants arrived fasted and consumed an isocaloric, volume-matched, high-protein (40-g) test beverage made with either an animal [whey protein isolate (WPI)] or plant [pea protein isolate (PPI)] protein isolate source. Markers of appetite and energy expenditure were determined at baseline and over 4 h postprandial. Results There was a significant effect of time, age, and protein source on appetite (P < 0.05). There was no effect of protein source on plasma markers of appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and SO. After controlling for body weight, OM had decreased energy expenditure (P < 0.05) and lower fat oxidation (P < 0.001) compared with YM. Conclusions This study indicates that a high-protein breakfast containing WPI or PPI exerts comparable effects on appetite, energy expenditure, and 24-h energy intake in both young and older healthy adult men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03399812.
Objectives Age-related deleterious shifts in body composition can lead to sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Furthermore, declines in endogenous estrogen production during the menopausal transition are associated with muscle mass loss and increased central adiposity, putting postmenopausal women at increased risk for negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of protein and/or omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) supplementation on metabolic health in postmenopausal women. Methods Thirty-nine postmenopausal women (age: 61.3 ± 8.7 years; BMI: 27.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to one of 5 groups: 1) control (CON; no intervention free-living; n = 6), 2) whey protein isolate (PRO; 25 g/d; n = 7), 3) O3FA (DHA/EPA; 4.3 g/d; n = 10), 4) PRO + placebo soybean oil (PRO + PLA; 4.1 g/d; n = 7), or 5) PRO + O3FA (n = 9). Energy expenditure via indirect calorimetry, dietary intake via 3-day weighed dietary records, hand grip strength (HGS), and metabolic health were assessed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Body composition was measured via dual x-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 16 weeks. Metabolic health was assessed using waist-to-hip ratio and biomarkers such as plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Results There was not an effect of treatment effect on anthropometrics, body composition, HGS, or resting energy expenditure. However, a decrease in android fat % was observed in PRO compared to baseline (P < 0.05) in the absence of anthropometric change (BMI, weight, waist, hip). A significant group by time effect was observed on resting fat oxidation (P < 0.05); O3FAs (+34.6%; P < 0.05) and PRO + O3FAs (+55.6%; P < 0.05) significantly increased and PRO decreased (−37.8%; P < 0.05) from baseline to 16 weeks. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in cholesterol in all groups compared to CON. Conclusions Although not significant, the data suggests individual and combined supplementation of protein and O3FA have the potential to improve body composition and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women. NCT0303041 Funding Sources Arkansas Biosciences Institute
Objectives Approximately 30% of adults ≥ 50 years of age suffer from poor sleep quality and the prevalence of sleep disruption is notably higher in postmenopausal women, with 35 to 60% reporting significant sleep disruption. Sleep deprivation and low sleep quality are associated with increased energy intake, insulin resistance, elevated glucose, and mood disturbances (e.g., stress, cortisol, and depression). The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of protein and/or omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) supplementation improves mood and sleep in postmenopausal women. Methods Thirty-nine postmenopausal women (age: 61.3 ± 8.7 years; BMI: 27.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to one of 5 groups: 1) control (CON; no intervention free-living; n = 6), 2) whey protein isolate (PRO; 25 g/d; n = 7), 3) O3FA (DHA/EPA; 4.3 g/d; n = 10), 4) PRO + placebo soybean oil (PRO + PLA; 4.1 g/d; n = 7), or 5) PRO + O3FA (n = 9). Sleep and mood states were assessed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, except objective sleep, which was assessed at 0, 8, and 16 weeks. Sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep quality Index (PSQI) and wrist actigraphy, mood was measured using the Profile of Mood States (POMS), and markers of sleep and mood, orexin, BDNF, and cortisol, were measured using commercially available kits. Results A significant time effect (P < 0.05) was observed on subjective sleep (PSQI), subjective mood states, BDNF, and cortisol concentrations. Although not significant, a greater % decrease in PSQI Global Sleep Score was observed in PRO (-30.3%), O3FA (-23.3%), PRO + PLA (−20.2%), and PRO + O3FA (−26.4%) when compared to an increase in CON (+18%). Similarly, a decrease trend in POMS Total Mood Disturbances from baseline was observed in PRO (−10 ± 27.7), O3FA (−6.7 ± 18.2), and PRO + O3FA (−6.9 ± 27.7) compared to no change in PRO + PLA (0.1 ± 11.5) and an increase in CON (5 ± 15.8). We observed a significant treatment effect on orexin (OXA; pg/mL; P < 0.05). OXA increased significantly in PRO + O3FA compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Although not significant, the data suggests individual and combined supplementation of protein and O3FA have the potential to improve sleep, mood, and orexin levels in postmenopausal women. NCT0303041 Funding Sources Arkansas Biosciences Institute
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