Abstract.Immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DCs) is a great promise for the treatment of neoplasms. However, the obtainment and protocol of differentiation of these cells may depend on extrinsic factors such as the tumor itself. The aim of the present study was to verify the influence of cervical neoplasia on different protocols of differentiation of monocyte-derived DCs resulting in an increased maturation phenotype. A total of 83 women were included in the study. The patients were grouped in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (n=30), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (n=22), cervical cancer (n=10) and healthy patients (n=21) groups. The mononuclear cells of patients were subjected to three differentiation protocols. In protocol I (pI), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were used for the differentiation of mature DCs (pIDCs). In protocol II (pII), monocytes were stimulated with GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-α and activated lymphocytes in the absence of non-adherent cells (pIIDCs). In protocol III (pIII), monocytes were stimulated with GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-α and activated lymphocytes in the presence of non-adherent cells (pIIIDCs). These cells were evaluated by flow cytometry for the expression of maturation markers such as cluster of differentiation (CD)11c, CD86 and human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR). The main cytokines secreted (IL-4, IL-12 and transforming growth factor-β) were measured by ELISA. Our results indicate a significantly lower mature profile of pIIDCs and a significant increase in CD11c + pIIIDCs able to produce IL-12 (P=0.0007). Furthermore, a significant reduction in cervical cancer HLA-DR + pIDCs (P=0.0113) was also observed. HSIL patients exhibited a higher percentage of HLA-DR + pIIDCs (P=0.0113), while LSIL patients had a lower percentage of CD11c + pIIIDCs (P=0.0411). These findings suggest that the extent of cervical lesions affects the process of differentiation of DCs. Furthermore, activated lymphocytes may induce a better maturation of monocyte-derived DCs, and the presence of mononuclear cells appears to contribute to the DC differentiation process.
SUMMARY An alarming fact was revealed by recent publications concerning disinfectants: chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for disinfecting surfaces contaminated by the new coronavirus. This is a finding that requires immediate disclosure since this substance is widely used for the disinfection of hands and forearms of surgeons and auxiliaries and in the antisepsis of patients in minimally invasive procedures commonly performed in hospital environments. The objective of this study is to compare the different disinfectants used for disinfection on several surfaces, in a review of worldwide works. Scientific studies were researched in the BVS (Virtual Health Library), PubMed, Medline, and ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) databases. The following agents were studied: alcohol 62-71%, hydrogen peroxide 0.5%, sodium hypochlorite 0.1%, benzalkonium chloride 0.05-0.2%, povidone-iodine 10%, and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.02%, on metal, aluminum, wood, paper, glass, plastic, PVC, silicone, latex (gloves), disposable gowns, ceramic, and Teflon surfaces. Studies have shown that chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for inactivating some coronavirus subtypes, suggesting that it is also ineffective to the new coronavirus.
Here we investigated the acute effects of an exhaustive intermittent exercise session on immunological parameters of the elderly and the subsequent incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and compare with the moderate-intensity. To do so, ixty-three old subjects were divided into three groups HIIT (n=21) submitted at one High-intensity interval training, SCG (n=21) kept in a sedentary state, and MICT (n=21) submitted at moderate intensity walking. Blood were collected at 5 time points, before, immediately after, 2h, 24h, and 48h after the intervention. In result the IL-6 and TNF-α were overexpressed immediately after the IL-10 stood overexpressed and correlated with IL-17, denoting an inflammatory process, and evidencing an immunologic competence without enhancement of the prevalence of upper respiratory infection tract (URTIs). So a modulation in the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and leukocytes, these modifications did not cause the effect characterized as an immunological window. Perhaps, the typical inflammation process, with IL-10 and IL-17 participation could also produce benefits to combat infections, a pertinent discussion during a post-pandemic time; we consider it a safe exercise program for older adults.
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