Protective and risk factors for conduct disorder and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. A systematic review. Conduct disorder (CD) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the most frequent clinical disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the review was to identify the protective and risk factors of CD and ADHD to guide the design of intervention programs that allow to modify the risks and strengthen the characteristics that prevent manifestation of the symptomatology. The existing literature was analyzed from January 2012 to June 2017 through a search conducted in Scopus, Pubmed, Sciencedirect and PsycINFO. In conclusion, individual and family factors are predominant in both types of disorder, where variables of both protection and risk were found, with the emotional and cognitive variables being the most studied in the individual factors and in family factors the quality of the relationship between parents and son.Resumen: El trastorno de conducta (TC) y el trastorno de déficit de atención y/o hiperactividad (TDAH) son de los trastornos clínicos más frecuentes en niños y adolescentes. El objetivo de la revisión fue identificar los factores protectores y de riesgo de TC y TDAH para orientar el diseño de programas de intervención que permitan modificar los riesgos y fortalecer las características que contribuyen a la no manifestación de la sintomatología. Se analizó la literatura existente desde enero de 2012 hasta junio de 2017 mediante una búsqueda realizada en Scopus, Pubmed, Sciencedirect y PsycINFO. En conclusión, el estudio de los factores individuales y familiares son predominantes en ambos tipos de trastorno, en donde se encontraron variables tanto de protección como de riesgo, siendo las variables emocionales y cognitivas las más estudiadas en los factores individuales y la calidad de la relación entre padres e hijo en los factores familiares.
Introduction: Neurocognitive rehabilitation have been affected by careless monitoring provided after hospitalization. Following a multidisciplinary intervention during rehab, some improvement is expected with regards complications affecting a patient's cognitive, emotional, behavioral, social and vocational circumstances. Objective: To assess the effect of a rehabilitation program neurocognitive processes attention, memory and executive function in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: This would be measure through a neurocognitive rehabilitation program demonstrated with results based on the memory function and attention span. This neurocognitive rehabilitation program is design to highlight the cognitive process that act as an object of intervention: (guidance/orientation, attention, memory, executive functions, languages, behavioral manners and affective) and it was developed through 60 individual sessions and 10 collective sessions over 5 months. Results: In the results provided by the NEUROPSI test, patients from the study group showed a better performance, and significant differences were observed in memory process, attention span (p = 0,0018) and executive function (p = 0,028). Conclusions: Given the preliminary findings from the study, we suggest that changes in cognition during a patient's attention span could be linked to the implementation of this neurocognitive program.
Reading comprehension is the goal of all reading and constitutes one of the fundamental axes of cognitive development in early childhood. The learning problems are manifested essentially in the school environment and significantly hinder academic activities that include reading and writing processes. This review identifies and compares published research on intervention processes in children with learning difficulties, specifically addressing dyslexia and dysgraphia. We selected eight studies in Spanish at a Latin American level and 23 studies in English at a global level. In conclusion, the current state of empirical research published in Spanish in intervention processes in children with learning difficulties is fewer in number in the past 10 years compared to literature in English, as evidenced by the search. The comparison established with literature published in English and worldwide indicates progressive advances of the Latin American literature in the subject addressed by this review, specifically in intervention programs focused on specific difficulties associated with learning disorders.
El trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un síndrome conductual que se presenta en la infancia, sobre todo en la población masculina, y se caracteriza por hiperactividad, impulsividad, y en ocasiones, está acompañado de inatención y un funcionamiento inapropiado de acuerdo a las exigencias del contexto. Es la afección comportamental más frecuente en la población escolar, tiene su inicio en la infancia y representa un problema de alta complejidad dado que incide en las actividades cotidianasdel niño que lo padece. Es bastante probable que dicha afectación persista a lo largo de la vida, si no es tratada a tiempo. Se estima que 5,1 millones de niños poseen diagnóstico de TDAH en el mundo. La prevalencia global de este trastorno oscila entre el 3% y 7%. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de un programa de estimulación cognitiva en las funciones ejecutivas para mejorar la flexibilidad mental en niños con TDAH. Metodología: Tipo de estudio cuantitativo, cuasiexperimental, con grupo control, pretestentrenamiento-postest. Los participantes del estudio fueron 51 niños escolarizados, 34 diagnosticados con TDAH (grupo experimental) y 17 niños que no presentan ningún síntoma que sugiera alteraciones comportamentales (grupo control). Resultados: El grupo experimental mostró beneficiarse del entrenamiento y esto evidencia la ganancia significativa con respecto al grupo control en pruebas que miden el sistema ejecutivo.
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