Objective: To identify psychosocial and functional predictors of self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms at year 2 following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Setting: Five Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers (PRCs) within the TBI Model Systems (TBIMS). Participants: A total of 319 service members/ veterans enrolled in VA TBIMS who were eligible for and completed both 1-and 2-year follow-up evaluations. Design: Secondary analysis from multicenter prospective longitudinal study. Main Measures: Demographic, injury-related, military, mental health, and substance use variables. Questionnaires included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. Rating scales included the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective and Disability Rating Scale. Results: The final sample was largely male (96%) and predominantly White (65%), with a median age of 27 years. In unadjusted analyses, pre-TBI mental health treatment history and year 1 employment status, community activity, sleep difficulties, and self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with year 2 PHQ-9 scores; pre-TBI mental health treatment history and year 1 community activity, social contact, problematic substance use, sleep difficulties, and self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with year 2 GAD-7 scores. In multivariable analyses, only year 1 community activity and depression symptoms uniquely predicted year 2 PHQ-9 scores, and only year 1 employment status, community activity, problematic substance use, and anxiety symptoms