Caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus causing genital disease leading to abortion in adult pregnant goats and a systemic disease with high morbility and mortality in kids. Further, Caprine herpesvirus 1 infection represents a valuable large animal model for human herpesvirus induced genital disease, exploitable for pathogenic studies, new vaccines and antiviral molecules testing. Here, the bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) based vector derived from an apathogenic isolate of BoHV-4 and expressing the immunodominant CpHV-1 glycoprotein D (BoHV-4-A-gDcpgD106ΔTK) was constructed and its ability to protect goats against CpHV-1 induced genital disease evaluated. The subcutaneous route of recombinant BoHV-4 administration was first tested in vivo/ex vivo by in vivo image analysis and in vitro by goat skin primary cultures preparation and transduction. Next, an exploratory immunization and safety study in goats was performed with two recombinant BoHV4, BoHV-4-A-gDcpgD106ΔTK or BoHV-4-CMV-IgK-gE2gD-TM. In both cases no clinical signs were evident but a good titer of serum neutralizing antibodies was produced in all inoculated animals. When a challenge experiment was performed in a new group of animals using a highly pathogenic dose of CpHV-1, all the vaccinated goats with BoHV-4-A-gDcpgD106ΔTK were protected toward CpHV-1 induced genital disease respect to the unvaccinated control which showed typical vaginal lesions with a high grade of clinical score as well as a long lasting viral shedding. In summary, the data acquired in the present study validate BoHV-4-based vector as a safe and effective viral vector for goat vaccination against CpHV-1 induced genital disease and pave the way for further applications.
Canine minute virus (CnMV), formerly known as Minute virus of canines or Canine parvovirus type 1, is an autonomous parvovirus of dogs that is genetically and antigenically unrelated to Canine parvovirus type 2, the common agent of canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. 5 Recent studies have shown that CnMV is more closely related to Bovine parvovirus and human bocaviruses, and now has been included in the new genus Bocavirus of the family Parvoviridae. 23 Canine minute virus has been isolated from healthy dogs, as well as from cases of reproductive failure. Different outcomes of CnMV infection in pregnant females depend on the time of infection during pregnancy, with embryo death/ resorption and stillbirths/birth of weak pups occurring during infections in early and late gestation, respectively. 7 Recently, CnMV was reported to be associated with neurological disease in dogs of various ages 15 and to severe gastroenteritis in an elderly dog. 24 Natural outbreaks of CnMV-associated neonatal mortality have been reported only sporadically, and last reports date back to the 1990s. 2,18,20,25 Puppies infected less than 4 weeks of age often had mild or vague symptoms preceding their rapid death; others displayed depression, loss of appetite, acute myocarditis, respiratory distress, and/or enteritis. 7 A certain role in CnMV pathogenesis may be played by virus-induced immunosuppression due to reduction of monocyte phagocytosis. 3 The present study reports the clinical, pathological, and molecular findings of a case of neonatal mortality associated with CnMV in a breeding kennel in Italy.The current case was observed in a litter of Jack Russell terrier dogs housed in a kennel in the Apulia region, Italy. In July 2011, a 3-year-old female whelped 6 puppies, 3 female (F1-3) and 3 male (M1-3), the last one being stillborn. Of the remaining 5 animals, puppies M2, F3, and F2 displayed a systemic disease characterized by dyspnea and sudden death at 12, 20, and 23 days of age, respectively. The 2 surviving puppies (F1 and M1) showed no clinical signs, with the exception of a slight alteration of the ST segment by electrocardiography, which disappeared at the subsequent examination performed 10 days later. Puppy M2 (285/11) was submitted to the authors' laboratory for diagnostic investigation. At postmortem examination, the puppy displayed severe pneumonia, catarrhal enteritis, and liver and myocardial degeneration 445776J VDXXX10.
The latex of Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) has been shown to possess antiviral properties against some human viruses. To determine the ability of F. carica latex (F-latex) to interfere with the infection of caprine herpesvirus-1 (CpHV-1) in vitro, F-latex was resuspended in culture media containing 1% ethanol and was tested for potential antiviral effects against CpHV-1. Titration of CpHV-1 in the presence or in the absence of F-latex was performed on monolayers of Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. Simultaneous addition of F-latex and CpHV-1 to monolayers of MDBK cells resulted in a significant reduction of CpHV-1 titres 3 days post-infection and this effect was comparable to that induced by acyclovir. The study suggests that the F-latex is able to interfere with the replication of CpHV-1 in vitro on MDBK cells and future studies will determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed antiviral activity.
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