In recent years, scholars have begun to investigate the role of digital technologies, namely the Internet, in facilitating growth in sexual commerce. Recent studies investigate the ways the Internet shapes the experiences of sex workers and how sex workers use the Internet to maximize profits and reduce risk exposure. Overall, scholars strategically frame sex work in a digital era in terms of affordances. In doing so, they can note the positive changes in the work experiences of these workers. However, I argue that this literature is altogether too optimistic, and in focusing primarily on the affordances of Internet-based sex work, these scholars neglect the new dangers that emerge online. In addition, by focusing only on the online practices of escorts, these scholars paint a homogenized portrait of digital sex work and neglect the diversity of labor performed by sex workers. This literature also neglects the diversity among sex workers themselves (e.g., race, ethnicity, class, gender, age, and ability). In order to address these limitations, I make nine specific suggestions for future lines of inquiry."More bang for your buck: How new technology is shaking up the oldest business" -The Economist "Tech-Savvy Prostitutes Trade Pimps for Web Pages" -NBC News "Looking for a sex worker? Good news! There's an app for that!" -thinkbig.comThe epigraph above includes just three titles of sensationalized articles from popular media outlets about sex work in a digital era. Until recently, those individuals with an interest in the impact of the Internet on sex work have had to rely on highly speculative and less than credible popular media sources. In recent years, scholars have begun to investigate the role of digital technologies, namely the Internet, in facilitating growth in sexual commerce. As a result, a burgeoning body of literature that empirically investigates the ways the Internet shapes sexual commerce and how sex workers use the Internet to maximize profits has emerged. Thus far, this literature has focused on how the Internet provides a new autonomous platform for marketing and selling sexual services that reduce risk exposure. Despite the growth of literature about sex work in a digital era over the past 10 years, we still do not know enough about how the Internet has affected the work experiences, wages, and working conditions of many sex workers. This literature needs to reorient itself in ways that will yield more information about how sex workers use the Internet in their businesses and in ways that reshape sex work.In this article, I posit that while the initial investigations of sex work in a digital era have been fruitful, many questions have been left unanswered. These questions are enumerated below:(1) While sex work consists of a wide range of sexual services, the existing literature focuses almost exclusively on how prostitutes and their clients use the Internet. Thus, how do different types of sex workers (not just prostitutes) and their customers use the Internet for branding, marketing, advertisi...
The COVID-19 pandemic led to many European countries imposing lockdown measures and limiting people’s movement during spring 2020. During the summer 2020, these strict lockdown measures were gradually lifted while in autumn 2020, local restrictions started to be re-introduced as a second wave emerged. After initial restrictions on visitors accessing many Nature Protected Areas (PAs) in Europe, management authorities have had to introduce measures so that all users can safely visit these protected landscapes. In this paper, we examine the challenges that emerged due to COVID-19 for PAs and their deeper causes. By considering the impact on and response of 14 popular European National and Nature Parks, we propose tentative longer-term solutions going beyond the current short-term measures that have been implemented. The most important challenges identified in our study were overcrowding, a new profile of visitors, problematic behavior, and conflicts between different user groups. A number of new measures have been introduced to tackle these challenges including information campaigns, traffic management, and establishing one-way systems on trail paths. However, measures to safeguard public health are often in conflict with other PA management measures aiming to minimize disturbance of wildlife and ecosystems. We highlight three areas in which management of PAs can learn from the experience of this pandemic: managing visitor numbers in order to avoid overcrowding through careful spatial planning, introducing educational campaigns, particularly targeting a new profile of visitors, and promoting sustainable tourism models, which do not rely on large visitor numbers.
Objectives-To establish the reasons for clinical complaints, complainants' feelings about the original incident, and their motivation in complaining. Design-Postal questionnaire survey.
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