Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in 7 of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.

Objective-The study compared the prevalence, correlates of functional impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across Latinos, Asians, and African Americans living in the U.S. to non-Latino Whites. Method-Pooled data from the NIMH Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies (CPES;[ 1 ]) were used.Results-The prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) were similar across all groups examined, but bulimia nervosa (BN) was more prevalent among Latinos and African Americans than non-Latino whites. Despite similar prevalence of BED among ethnic groups examined, lifetime prevalence of ABE was greater among each of the ethnic minority groups in comparison to non-Latino Whites. Mental health service utilization was lower among ethnic minority groups studied than for non-Latino whites for respondents with a lifetime history of any eating disorder.Discussion-These findings suggest the need for clinician training and health policy interventions to achieve optimal and equitable care for eating disorders across all ethnic groups in the U.S. KeywordsAnorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; Binge-eating disorder; Ethnicity Address for reprints: Luana Marques, Ph.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, Office 2206, 185 Cambridge St., 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114-2790 Fax: (617) 643-3080, lmarques@partners.org. None of the contributing authors has any potential conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations (other than those affiliations listed on the title page of the manuscript) relevant to the subject of this manuscript. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptInt J Eat Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 July 1. DATA AND METHODS The CPES Combined DatasetData for the current study were drawn from the CPES studies [ 1 ], which were originally collected by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center (SRC). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of this survey after receiving a complete description of the study. Using an adaptation of a multiple-frame approach to estimation and inference for population characteristics [ 13,14 ], the CPES studies combined three nationally representative U.S. samples: The National Survey of American Life (NSAL; [ 2 ]), The National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS; [ 3 ]), and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R; [ 4 ]). Using a design-based analysis of weights, the CPES studies were able to generate a single nationally representative sample of the U.S. population, thus allowing for the comparisons proposed in the current study. All of the prevalence estimates have been weighted to adjust for age differences. The primary focus of the CPES studies was the collection of mental health and service utilization epidemiological information for the general population with specific emphasis on ethnic minorities. Additional information about the design and methodology of the CPES can be found on its website [ 1 ]. For the current...

In this review, we present a transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. This model posits that a triggering event, in conjunction with an existing diathesis, leads to negative or positive affect, depending on the person's affective style. Mood and anxiety disorders are the result of emotion dysregulation of negative affect, coupled with deficiencies in positive affect. The theoretical background of the model is discussed and a range of clinical applications of the model is described.

OBJECTIVE To test whether d-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, augments and accelerates a full course of comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in medication-free adults with generalized social anxiety disorder. METHOD A randomized placebo-controlled efficacy-study conducted at Boston University, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Southern Methodist University between 9/2007 and 12/2011 of 169 medication-free adults with generalized social anxiety disorder; 144 completed treatment, and 131 completed the follow-up assessments. Patients were randomized to receive 50 mg of d-cycloserine or placebo 1 hour before each of 5 exposure sessions that were part of a 12-session cognitive behavioral group treatment. Response and remission status was determined at baseline, throughout treatment, post-treatment, and at 1, 3, and 6-month follow-up assessments rated by assessors who were blind to treatment condition. RESULTS D-cycloserine-augmented and placebo-augmented CBT were associated with similar completion rates (87% and 82%), response rates (79.3% and 73.3%), and remission rates (34.5% and 24.4%) at post-treatment that were largely maintained at follow-up. Although d-cycloserine was associated with a 24–33% faster rate of improvement in symptom severity and remission rates relative to placebo during the 12-week treatment phase, the groups did not differ in response and remission rates. CONCLUSIONS D-cycloserine did not augment a full course of comprehensive CBT for social anxiety disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, ID# NCT00633984, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00633984

SynopsisThis paper reviews the current state of empirical research on the purported "new wave" of CBT. A particular emphasis is given to mindfulness-based treatments and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Mindfulness-based approaches and ACT are evaluated with regard to their efficacy and comparison to traditional CBT. Deviations from CBT are explained within the context of theory, specifically in terms of the role of cognitions. However, these differences are not irreconcilable in requiring a separate classification of "new wave" treatments. While subtle and important differences on the theoretical and procedural level might exist, available data do not favor one treatment over another, and do not suggest differential mechanisms of action that warrants a dramatic separation from the CBT family of approaches. Instead, the "new wave" treatments are consistent with the CBT approach, which refers to a family of interventions rather than a single treatment. Thus, the term "new wave" is potentially misleading because it is not an accurate reflection of the contemporary literature. KeywordsNew Wave; Third Wave; Mindfulness; CBT; ACT; Efficacy In recent years, the terms "new wave", "third wave", "next generation", and "third generation" of behavior and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have appeared with increasing frequency in the literature [e.g., 1-3]. Proponents of the "new wave" argue that this "third generation" of behavior therapies adopt a more contextualistic approach than traditional behavior therapy and CBT. Steven Hayes, one of the leading advocates of this perspective, argued that the advent of the "new wave" represents a dramatic change within the field of behavior therapy. For example, he wrote: "This is a time of upheaval in behavioral and cognitive therapy, particularly due to the rapid rise of acceptance and mindfulness-based interventions" [1]. Unlike traditional CBT, Hayes argues, the "third wave" behavioral therapies focus on changing the function of psychological events that people experience, rather than on changing or modifying the events Corresponding author for proofs and reprints: