Efecto del ácido indolbutírico, del tipo de la cama de arraigamiento, del substrato, y del árbol madre en la capacidad de arraigamiento de estacas de Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) KrasserEffect of indolebutyric acid, bottom heat, substrate, and parent tree on rooting capacity of Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser stem cuttings RESUMEN Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser es una especie característica de la zona mesomórfica de Chile que tiene problemas de conservación y de la cual existe insuficiente información sobre técnicas de propagación vegetativa; por ello se estudiaron algunos aspectos relacionados con el arraigamiento de estacas. A partir de material cosechado en noviembre de 1995 y de 1997, se evaluó el efecto del ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0; 0,5; 1; 2 %); del tipo de cama de arraigamiento (caliente y fría); del substrato empleado (aserrín y corteza de Pinus radiata D. Don); y del árbol madre. Los ensayos, de 2,5 a 4 meses de duración se realizaron en un invernadero equipado con un sistema de riego automatizado y con cama caliente que mantuvo una temperatura entre 21 y 25 °C en la base de las estacas. Los resultados mostraron que N. glauca puede propagarse por estacas de material juvenil provenientes de rebrotes de tocón, colectadas en el mes de noviembre. La respuesta de arraigamiento aumentó a medida que la concentración de AIB alcanzó hasta 1 % (88 % de estacas enraizadas), para luego disminuir con una concentración de 2 %. La presencia de hojas fue fundamental en la respuesta, ya que estacas sin ellas no indujeron raíces ni sobrevivieron. El empleo de cama caliente no mostró ningún efecto en el proceso de rizogénesis, por lo que no se justifica su uso. Respecto del substrato, solo se observaron diferencias significativas en el número de raíces producidas, siendo más favorable emplear aserrín. Finalmente, se observa una marcada influencia del árbol madre en la formación de raíces adventicias, lo que no solo se manifiesta en la tasa de enraizamiento (de 6,7 a 80 %), sino que también en la cantidad y longitud de las raíces desarrolladas.Palabras clave: Nothofagus glauca, estacas, ácido indolbutírico, substrato, árbol madre. ABSTRACTNothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser is a tree of conservation concern that is characteristic for the mesomorphic zone of Chile. Techniques for vegetative propagation of this species are not well known. In this study, the rooting capacity of stem cuttings was investigated. Using vegetative material collected in November 1995 and 1997, the effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 %), bed rooting system (bottom heating and without temperature control), substrate (sawdust and bark compost of Pinus radiata D. Don), and parent tree on rhizogenesis was analyzed. Experiments were conducted for 2.5-4 months in a greenhouse. The greenhouse was equipped with an automatic misting system and bottom heating that maintained a temperature of 21-25 °C at the stem base. Results indicate that N. glauca can be propagated from stem cuttings collected from root sprouts in November. Rooting capac...
Background: Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae, “Hualo”) is an endemic tree of the Mediterranean zone of Chile. The natural forests in this area have been severely fragmented as a result of human causes such as replacement by agricultural crops and fast-growing tree species. From 1975, these forests have declined from 900,000 ha to 145,000 ha, so it is categorised on the IUCN Red List as ‘vulnerable’. In restoring this ecosystem, efforts should focus, in part, on the propagation of quality stock. However, information on propagation systems is still insufficient. Methods: We aimed to analyse the effect of different pre-germinative treatments and sowing times on seed germination, and seedling growth and quality. The pre-germinative treatments were: (i) cold stratification; (ii) soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) and thiourea solution; and (iii) nursery cultivation, while the sowing times were July, August and September. Results: A high germination capacity was achieved by: soaking the seeds in GA3 solution irrespective of concentration; stratifying, irrespective of period; or soaking in 7.5 mg L-1 thiourea solution, values significantly varied from that of the control treatments. The sowing time was not relevant in terms of the percentage of germination or seedling development. Stratification at 5°C for 60 days produced the best quality indices for N. glauca seedlings but no significant differences were found in any of the morphological attributes tested as a result of the pre-germinative treatments. Conclusions: The pre-germinative treatments significantly improved the germination and seedlings growth of N. glauca. Cold stratification at 5°C for 60 days is recommended as it produced suitable seedlings for field establishment. Gibberellic acid and thiourea did not produce important effects on seedling growth. Our results suggest the presence of endogenous physiological dormancy of the N. glauca seeds. The results of this study provide important information on propagation and nursery techniques of N. glauca, which can be used in restoration programmes.
Species of fleshy-fruited Myrtaceae are generally associated with humid environments and their vegetative anatomy is mainly mesophytic. Myrceugenia rufa is an endemic and rare species from arid zones of the coast of central Chile and there are no anatomical studies regarding its leaf anatomy and environmental adaptations. Here we describe the leaf micromorphology and anatomy of the species using standard protocols for light and scanning electron microscopy. The leaf anatomy of M. rufa matches that of other Myrtaceae, such as presence of druses, schizogenous secretory ducts and internal phloem. Leaves of M. rufa exhibit a double epidermis, thick cuticle, abundant unicellular hairs, large substomatal chambers covered by trichomes and a dense palisade parenchyma. Leaf characters of M. rufa confirm an anatomical adaptation to xerophytic environments. Keywords:Hairs, leaf anatomy, Myrceugenia rufa, Myrtaceae, SEM, xerophytic characters. RESUMENLas especies con frutos carnosos de Myrtaceae están generalmente asociadas a ambientes húmedos y su anatomía vegetativa es principalmente mesofítica. Myrceugenia rufa es una especie rara y endémica de lugares secos de la costa de Chile central y no hay estudios anatómicos de sus hojas en términos de adaptaciones ambientales. En este artículo describimos la micromorfología y anatomía foliar de la especie usando protocolos estándar para microscopia óptica y electrónica de barrido. La anatomía foliar de M. rufa es similar a otras especies de Myrtaceae, en lo que respecta a presencia de drusas, canales secretores esquizógenos y floema interno. Las hojas de M. rufa tienen una epidermis doble, cutícula gruesa, pelos unicelulares abundantes, cavidades subestomáticas amplias y cubiertas por tricomas, y un denso parénquima en empalizada. Los caracteres foliares de la especie confirman una afinidad morfoanatómica a ambientes xerofíticos.
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