Excessive exposure to the sun without protection represents a major risk for the development of malignant tumors. Substances for protecting the skin, such as sunscreens has the attention of the market. The development of effective and safe sunscreen, is obtained through knowledge of their mechanisms of action and formulations. Sunscreens, besides protect against ultraviolet radiation, can hydrate and rejuvenate the skin. We are presenting a literature review about sunscreens and the phenomena involving photo protection, submit ratings, mechanism of action and the assessment methods of sun protection, and finally highlight the importance of using of sunscreen in preventing photoaging and skin cancer. It is noteworthy that the use of combinations of filters as organic with inorganic compounds can increase the spectrum of protection, allowing higher FPS with reduced cost and power irritant reactions. The combination of zinc oxide with titanium dioxide allows the obtention of formulations with low irritant and allergenic potential and they may be used by sensitive individuals. These combinations represent the advancement of technology and possibilities for new products to market safely.KEYWORDS: chemical sunscreens, physical sunscreens; Photoprotection; Photoaging. RESUMOA exposição excessiva ao sol e sem proteção representa um dos maiores riscos para o desenvolvimento de tumores malignos. O uso de substâncias para proteger a pele, como os filtros solares, tem a atenção do mercado. O desenvolvimento de fotoprotetores com eficácia e segurança é obtido através do conhecimento de seus mecanismos de ação e formulações. Os filtros solares e fotoprotetores, além de proteger contra os raios ultravioletas, podem hidratar e rejuvenescer a pele. O estudo é uma revisão bibliográfica sobre filtros solares e fotoprotetores, com objetivos de revisar os fenômenos que envolvem os filtros solares, apresentar as classificações, o mecanismo de ação e os métodos de avaliação da proteção solar, e por fim, evidenciar a importância do uso do filtro solar na prevenção do fotoenvelhecimento e do câncer de pele. Ressalta-se que o uso de combinações como de filtros inorgânicos com orgânicos aumentam o espectro de proteção, permitindo maior FPS com redução do custo e a potência de reações irritantes. A associação de óxido de zinco com dióxido de titânio permite obter formulações com baixo potencial alergênico e irritante, podendo ser utilizada por indivíduos mais sensíveis. Estas combinações representam o avanço da tecnologia e possibilidades para novos produtos no mercado com segurança. PALAVRAS CHAVE:Filtros solares químicos; Filtros solares físicos; Fotoproteção; Fotoenvelhecimento. INTRODUÇÃOO Brasil está localizado com grande parte de sua superfície demográfica entre o trópico de Capricórnio e o Equador. Por isso é uma região que recebe a maior intensidade de radiações solares, o que torna o país de maior área intertropical. É nesta área que existe um aumento do número de pessoas com câncer de pele.
Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is a severe systemic protozoonosis that has presented changes at the epidemiological behavior, with a growing trend in Brazil. It has been conducted a cross sectional study to assess the context of HVL in the city of Araguaina (TO) from January 2007 to August 2010. Additionally, tests were conducted to compare the diagnostic approaches for the serological diagnosis. In the distribution of cases of HVL in the districts of northern state of Tocantins, Araguaina represents 79.8% of the total cases in the period from 2007 to August 2010. The results of this study revealed that in this period, 769 cases were confirmed, while 98.7% are new cases. There was a male predominance of 57.8% and the most affected age group was 0-14 years, with 71.3% of reported cases. In the distribution by area of residence were reported 98.5% of cases in the urban area, showing the urbanization of the disease. In tests, we used the usual approaches network: an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and a conventional ELISA, plus a dissociative ELISA. ELISA assays showed high reproducibility. Positive patients with IFAT showed a frequency of 4% false-positive when tested in both ELISA. Among patients suspected there was a high frequency of positive to ELISA, the ELISA dissociative higher than in the conventional ELISA. In the asymptomatic population, there was a finding of positive samples by ELISA dissociative. The presence of immune complexes in asymptomatic patients early in the disease or its presence in patients with less intense humoral response, as children, these findings may explain the higher dissociative ELISA positive. Confirmation of these results depends on parasitologic research on dissociative ELISA-positive patients. These results show the importance of new approaches in the serological diagnosis LVH that would make a screening of patients for invasive diagnostic parasitology.
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