Miltefosine has been used in the treatment of several new world cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) species with variable efficacy. Our study is the first evidence on its clinical efficacy in Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. In this phase II/III randomized clinical trial, 90 CL patients were randomly allocated (2:1) to oral miltefosine (2.5 mg/kg/day/28 days) (N = 60) or parenteral antimony (15–20 mg/Sb/kg/day/20 days) (N = 30) according to age groups: 2–12 y/o and 13–65 y/o. Patients were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) noninfected parasitological proven CL without previous treatment. Definitive cure was accessed at 6 months follow-up visit. No severe adverse events occurred. Vomiting was the most frequent adverse event (48.3%) followed by nausea (8.6%) and diarrhea (6.7%). Cure rates were 71.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.8–82.7) and 53.6% (95% CI = 33.9–72.5) (P = 0.05) for miltefosine and antimonial, respectively. There were no differences in cure rates between age groups within the same treatment arms. Miltefosine was safe and relatively well tolerated and cure rate was higher than antimony.

Taken together, these new insights allow the proposition of a classification system that includes (1) leprosy and HIV true coinfection, (2) opportunistic leprosy disease, and (3) leprosy related to highly active antiretroviral therapy.

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A case of lobomycosis in a patient from the Brazilian Amazon region is presented. Lobomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by the yeast Lacazia loboi. It often affects adult males and has been reported in dolphins. Therapeutical options for localized lesions, such as the ones shown by the patient in this report, are eletrocoagulation, surgical exeresis, and cryotherapy. Disseminated lesions may be treated with Itraconazole or combination therapy with Clofazimine. There is still no curative therapy for disseminated lesions of lobomycosis. Keywords: Bacterial infections and mycoses; Fungi; Mycoses Resumo: Caso de lobomicose em paciente procedente da região amazônica brasileira. Essa micose subcutânea, causada pela levedura Lacazia loboi, acomete, frequentemente, homens adultos e foi também diagnosticada em golfinhos. O tratamento depende da apresentação clínica: eletrocoagulação, exérese cirúrgica e crioterapia são opções terapêuticas para as lesões localizadas, como a do paciente relatado, enquanto itraconazol e clofazimina, isolados ou em associação, podem ser empregados para lesões disseminadas. Até o presente, não há tratamento adequado para os casos com lesões disseminadas.