In this paper, we introduce the model REMES for formal modeling and analysis of embedded resources such as storage, energy, communication, and computation. The model is a state-machine based behavioral language with support for hierarchical modeling, resource annotations, continuous time, and notions of explicit entry and exit points that make it suitable for component-based modeling of embedded systems.The analysis of REMES-based systems is centered around a weighted sum in which the variables represent the amounts of consumed resources. We describe a number of important resource related analysis problems, including feasibility, trade-off, and optimal resource-utilization analysis. To formalize these problems and provide a basis for rigorous analysis, we show how to analyze REMES models using the framework of priced timed automata and weighted CTL. To illustrate the approach, we describe a case study in which it has been applied to model and analyze resourceusage of a temperature control system.
With multicore controllers becoming available for industrial automation applications, new tools and algorithms to compute efficient partitioning and scheduling solutions for control applications need to be developed. Optimizing the deployment and the schedule of a set of Function Block Diagrams on a parallel architecture are both NP hard. Additionally, control engineers need help to shift from the single core towards the multicore paradigm. By taking advantage of the parallelism inside the control applications it is effectively possible to decrease the finish times of the applications which enables to decrease their cycle times and improve the quality of service of the controller processes. This paper presents a practical solution to this problem that consists in a framework, called PASA, designed for partitioning and scheduling control applications modeled as function block diagrams. It enables new algorithms tailored to solve these optimization problems. This paper presents an extension of list-based DAG scheduling algorithms designed to compute a deployment and schedule for several control applications with different cycle times. The different variants of this algorithm are compared against each other as well as against some other existing solutions on a set of randomly generated examples.
ProCom is a new component model for real-time and embedded systems, targeting the domains of vehicular and telecommunication systems. In this paper, we describe how the architectural elements of the ProCom component model have been given a formal semantics. The semantics is given in a small but powerful finite state machine formalism, with notions of urgency, timing, and priorities. By defining the semantics in this way, we (i) provide a rigorous and compact description of the modeling elements of ProCom, (ii) set the ground for formal analysis using other formalisms, and (iii) provide an intuitive and useful description for both practitioners and researchers. To illustrate the approach, we exemplify with a number of particularly interesting cases, ranging from ports and services to components and component hierarchies.
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