The Gangtok subdivision in east Sikkim district was developed under different geographical, lithological, and historical conditions. This research aimed towards creating a landslide susceptibility zone with the help of two GIS models, namely AHP (analytical hierarchy process) and FRM (frequency ratio model), used for landslide susceptibility mapping and make a comparison in accordance with their outputs. Primary data like the landslide location was collected by using the GPS technique and BHUVAN landslide inventory, while, photographic data were collected from various satellite images and theme-based images from BHUVAN, ENVIS, and Earth Explorer. Other secondary data were collected from the Survey of India (SOI), National Bureau of Soil Survey, Geological Survey of India, NRSC, India, and land use planning (NBSS&LUP), Census of India and Indian Meteorological Department. Eleven thematic layers including landslide inventory, rainfall, lithology, geomorphology, slope, aspect, curvature, distance from lineament, distance from the road, distance from drainage, and land use/land cover, were considered for the FRM method and the AHP method. AHP map captures 80% of the active slides in the very high to the high susceptible zones in comparison to the 75% active slide capture by the FRM method in the very high to high susceptible zone. For validation and comparison of the model output, the receiver operating curve (ROC) was applied to 30% cases out of the 100% of total landslides (92 landslide locations were marked). AHP method was found out to be the best among the two models with a 98% accuracy level. The risk mapping was done by integrating exposure map with hazard map along with physical vulnerability map of the study area. Through risk mapping it is seen that the eastern section of the study area has the least risk but on the contrary, the western zone is the riskier zone for landslide hazard. There has been also an attempt to find out plausible methods for landslide disaster management and mitigation for the study area.
The outbreak of COVID-19 has drastically disrupted the socio-economic fabric of human society. Not a single sector has been left unscathed from its impact. The education sector has been severely impacted by the same, though the significance level is not the same throughout India. Varied nature of repercussion from the educational sector has been reported based on several factors. Based on the primary survey, the present research paper is an attempt to empirically understand the level of influence of COVID -19 on the academic sector of a part of Mizoram state of India. The survey encompasses both the student (100 respondents) and teacher fraternity (100 respondents) of HS school level, Colleges, technical colleges, and the Central University of Mizoram. Through its statistical analysis, the study finds out the effects of COVID-19 in the education sector and finds out the adaptive strategic measures to deal with this problem in the study area., five hypotheses have been taken, and data has been analyzed on SPSS software (V.22) to fulfill the objective. This study's results reveal that the pandemic has severely hit the academic sector due to the lack of proficiency in online teaching mode due to the technological and infrastructural lacuna in remote mountainous locations. However, the study also empirically proves that the pandemic has raised technological awareness levels among various levels of the academic sector, and with proper technological planning in the study area, the region and similar remote locations can access quality education through online-distant mode.
Hydrocarbon potential of fractured basement in South Assam shelf has a complex geological history related to episodic evolution of the basin. In the complex tectonic evolution processes from passive margin to active margin, Precambrian Basement has experienced severe fracturing up to deep level. In the highly fractured Basement, where overlying sedimentary column is thicker with the presence of other favourable components of entrapment model, chances of hydrocarbon success is high. The Borholla Field in the north eastern edge of the study area is fully developed for its hydrocarbon commerciality from Basement in last three decades while recent oil find within fractured Basement in southern part in Khoraghat area has also opened up rest of the Basin for Basement exploration. Application of conventional seismic methods for mapping of natural fracture distribution cannot be conducted directly due to dimension of fracture lying below the seismic resolution (sub-seismic). This paper presents an integrated structural analysis of the prospectivity of basement exploration in the study area.
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