Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogenous neoplasm of lymphoid series cells constituting 30%–40% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. DLBCL presents significant heterogeneity Aim: To determine the frequency of activated B-cell subtype of DLBCL by using Hans algorithm. Methods: It was designed as a cross sectional study conducted in a duration of six months (5th Jun 2018 to 7th January 2019). All data was collected by using a Performa. The clinical parameters like age and gender were recorded. The histopathological method used was paraffin embedding and hematoxylin–eosin staining. The immunohistochemical technique used on serial sections was immune-enzymatic soluble complex method. SPSS version 23 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean and standard deviation was determined for quantitative variables like age and tumor size. Calculation of qualitative variables like gender, tumor site (nodal as well as extra-nodal) and immunohistochemical staining was done in the form of frequencies and percentages. The mean age of the patients was 48.55±15.41 years. Majority of them were male with frequency of 69(71.9%) and female were 27(28.1%). Mean size of lymphoma was 12.44±4.24cm in the patients. Most of the cells were nodal with frequency of 58(60.4%) and a few extra nodal with frequency of 38(39.6%). It was noticed that germinal centre B-cell type was in 53(55.2%) and activated B-cell type lymphoma was present in 43(44.8%). Conclusion: It is observed that frequency of the activated B–cell type lymphoma are less common in patients with lymphoma. Keyword: Lymphoma, Germinal, carcinoma
Background: Acetylsalicylic acid is in common clinical use but has the side effect of causing gastric mucosal erosions and selective injury to parietal cells. Aim: To explore if prior treatment with Prunus dulcis (almond) had a protective effect against acetylsalicylic acid induced injury. Study design: Experimental study. Methodology: Albino mice weighing 30 to 40 grams were given two drops of almond oil without peel and 300 mg of finely ground whole almond kernel by oral gavage for sixty days followed by 400 mg/kg body weight of acetylsalicylic acid orally. Gastric mucosal damage was observed and recorded as ulcer index. The number of parietal cells/ sq. micrometer and area of parietal cells were observed and recorded under microscope in formalin fixed H and E stained sections. Data analyzed by SPSS 22.0v. Results: Mucosal damage, distortion of gastric glands and damage to parietal cells was pronounced in the positive control animals. The number of surviving parietal cells after acetylsalicylic acid insult in animals given almond oil was significantly higher when compared with positive control animals (p<0.001) and even better in animals receiving whole ground almond kernel. The area of parietal cells was also similarly larger in the treated animals. Conclusion: This study concluded Prunus dulcis offers protection against acute gastric mucosal injury and damage to the gastric parietal cells caused by acetylsalicylic acid in mice. Keywords: Prunus Dulcis, Parietal Cells, Gastric Erosions and Acetylsalicylic Acid.
Aim: To evaluate the age presentation of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Study design: The design of the study was cross sectional. Setting of study: PGMI, Chughtai Institute of Pathology. Duration of study: The duration of study was one year i.e., from 1st July 2019 to 31st June 2020. Methods: A sample of 56 patients were included in the study. The selection of the patients was in accordance with the criteria set in the inclusion and exclusion group of the study. All the cases presenting with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia were analyzed based on age presentation. The quantitative variable of age was recorded in Proforma. The statistical evaluation was done using SPSS version 22. The quantitative age variable was presented as mean + standard deviation Results: The results of the study showed variation of age presentation, ranging from two years to fourteen years (2Y-14Y). The youngest patient at presentation was only 2Y of age. The mean age of presentation however was ranged at 6.28Y. The eldest presentation of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia was 14Y. The SD value of our quantitative variable of age is 3.29. Conclusion: The rationale of the study helped us determining the peak incidence of age presentation for B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia in children. The age ranged from 2 years to 14 years, with peak at 6 years. We conclude that these results are in close association with the findings in result of the developing countries of the world Keywords: Lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell, childhood
Background: Liver is not only involved in maintaining homeostasis but also exhibits significant role in metabolism and detoxification of various drugs and toxins. Aim: To explore the hepato-protective role of N-acetylcysteine against methotrexate induced hepato-toxicity. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Methodology: This study having mice (n=18) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Foundation university medical college in collaboration of National institute of health, Islamabad in 2017. Single intraperitoneal injection (20mg/kg) of methotrexate induced hepato-toxicity. Hepatoprotective effect was assessed by oral administration N-acetylcysteine (50mg/kg) alone with methotrexate. The extent of liver damage and effect of protective agents were determined by measuring serum ALT, AST, ALP after 24 hours of respective treatment. Liver samples were taken for histological analysis. One way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tukey test was applied for multiple comparisons of biochemical markers between the groups. Histopathological findings were analyzed by Chi Square test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant (p < 0.05) hepatotoxicity was seen with substantial elevation in serum ALT, AST and ALP with methotrexate. N-acetylcysteine attenuated the methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity significantly (p < 0.05). The histopathological examination showed mild steatosis along with focal pleomorphism in the liver of mice that received methotrexate in comparison to group treated with N-acetylcysteine and methotrexate though minimal inflammation was seen. Conclusion: We concluded that N-acetylcysteine ameliorates the methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity on when used concomitantly. Keywords: Hepatotoxicity, N-acetylcysteine and Methotrexate
Lectures are a major part of a university student’s learning experience and are an effective means of transferring knowledge and concepts to large groups in less time and with minimal resources. Objectives: To find the effects of lectures alone and when lectures are combined with strategy of think-pair-share, on the 1st and 2nd year medical student’s participation, confidence, critical thinking and involvement in learning activities during the Anatomy class. Study Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Methodology: Present study enrolled 200 participants involving both genders. Online feedback Performa based on 5 questions was developed and collected data from students before and after the 10-week treatment program. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 19 as qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. Results: There was a significant benefit to majority of students by applying think-pair-share technique during their Anatomy lectures. Conclusion: We concluded that think pair share strategy in lectures kept the students more actively involved in the class discussion and they felt more confident in sharing their ideas with the peers. It also promoted critical thinking among the students and they received feedback more frequently from the teacher. Keywords: Lectures, Think Pair Share Strategy, Critical Thinking and Anatomy Class.
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