Introduction Paracetamol is a common agent taken in deliberate self‐poisoning and in accidental overdose in adults and children. Paracetamol poisoning is the commonest cause of severe acute liver injury. Since the publication of the previous guidelines in 2015, several studies have changed practice. A working group of experts in the area, with representation from all Poisons Information Centres of Australia and New Zealand, were brought together to produce an updated evidence‐based guidance. Main recommendations (unchanged from previous guidelines) The optimal management of most patients with paracetamol overdose is usually straightforward. Patients who present early should be given activated charcoal. Patients at risk of hepatotoxicity should receive intravenous acetylcysteine. The paracetamol nomogram is used to assess the need for treatment in acute immediate release paracetamol ingestions with a known time of ingestion. Cases that require different management include modified release paracetamol overdoses, large or massive overdoses, accidental liquid ingestion in children, and repeated supratherapeutic ingestions. Major changes in management in the guidelines The new guidelines recommend a two‐bag acetylcysteine infusion regimen (200 mg/kg over 4 h, then 100 mg/kg over 16 h). This has similar efficacy but significantly reduced adverse reactions compared with the previous three‐bag regimen. Massive paracetamol overdoses that result in high paracetamol concentrations more than double the nomogram line should be managed with an increased dose of acetylcysteine. All potentially toxic modified release paracetamol ingestions (≥ 10 g or ≥ 200 mg/kg, whichever is less) should receive a full course of acetylcysteine. Patients ingesting ≥ 30 g or ≥ 500 mg/kg should receive increased doses of acetylcysteine.
Line lists for the X 2 Π electronic ground state for the parent isotopologue of nitric oxide ( 14 N 16 O) and five other major isotopologues ( 14 N 17 O, 14 N 18 O, 15 N 16 O, 15 N 17 O and 15 N 18 O) are presented. The line lists are constructed using empirical energy levels (and line positions) and high-level ab inito intensities. The energy levels were obtained using a combination of two approaches, from an effective Hamiltonian and from solving the rovibronic Schrödinger equation variationally. The effective hamiltonian model was obtained through a fit to the experimental line positions of NO available in the literature for all six isotopologues using the programs SPFIT and SPCAT. The variational model was built through a least squares fit of the ab inito potential and spin-orbit curves to the experimentally derived energies and experimental line positions of the main isotopologue only using the Duo program. The ab inito potential energy, spin-orbit and dipole moment curves (PEC, SOC and DMC) are computed using high-level ab inito methods and the MARVEL method is used to obtain energies of NO from experimental transition frequencies. The line lists are constructed for each isotopologue based on the use of the most accurate energy levels and the ab inito DMC. Each line list covers a wavenumber range from 0 -40,000 cm −1 with approximately 22,000 rovibronic states and 2.3 -2.6 million transitions extending to J max = 184.5 and max = 51. Partition functions are also calculated up to a temperature of 5000 K. The calculated absorption line intensities at 296 K using these line lists show excellent agreement with those included in the HITRAN and HITEMP databases. The computed NO line lists are the most comprehensive to date, covering a wider wavenumber and temperature range compared to both the HITRAN and HITEMP databases. These line lists are also more accurate than those used in HITEMP. The full line lists are available from the CDS http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr and ExoMol www.exomol.com databases; data will also be available from CDMS www.cdms.de.
Spectra of hot methane were recorded using a tube furnace and a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer. We obtained experimental absorption spectra in the 1.85-1.11 μm near-infrared region at eight temperatures ranging from 295 K up to 1000 K. We have converted these into an atlas of absorption cross sections at each temperature for the methane tetradecad, icosad and triacontad polyads, excluding some spectral intervals either strongly contaminated by water or due to baseline fringes. On the theoretical side, the spectra were simulated from the ab initio-based Reims-Tomsk TheoReTS line list for the same experimental conditions. This line list has been constructed by global variational calculations from potential energy and dipole moment surfaces followed by empirical line position corrections deduced from previously published analyses. The comparisons showed very good overall agreement between observations and theory at high spectral resolution for the tetradecad and icosad and at medium or low resolution above this range. A full set of the theoretical absorption cross sections is also included. Detailed temperature dependence of the methane absorption enables the efficient method of remotely probing the temperature of distant astronomical objects based on a comparison of relative signals in carefully selected spectral intervals. This first combined experimental and theoretical easy-to-use cross-section library in the near-infrared should be of major interest for the interpretation of current and future astronomical observations up to a resolving power of 100,000-300,000 in the range 6400-7600 cm −1 and a resolving power of 5000-10,000 in the higher wavenumber range up to 9000 cm −1 .
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