Recently, there has been interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin for depression, anxiety and fear of death in terminal illness. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential use of LSD and psilocybin for patients with persistent pain. LSD and psilocybin are 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and may interact with nociceptive and antinociceptive processing. Tentative evidence from a systematic review suggests that LSD (7 studies, 323 participants) and psilocybin (3 studies, 92 participants) may be beneficial for depression and anxiety associated with distress in life-threatening diseases. LSD and psilocybin are generally safe if administered by a healthcare professional, although further investigations are needed to assess their utility for patients with persistent pain, especially associated with terminal illness.
Tropical cyclones are globally common, and impact forests worldwide.
Despite the ubiquity of hurricane disturbances, little is known about
how hurricane regimes shape the ecology and evolution of tree species.
Consideration of forest fire regimes has advanced the ecological
understanding of fire-prone forests, but no similar framework is
available for hurricanes. Using a simple meteorological model, we test
the hypothesis that the intensity and frequency of hurricanes differs
among geographically distinct hurricane regimes, and we define four
hurricane regimes for North and Central America (Continental, Inland,
Coastal, and Lowland). We quantify major differences in hurricane
regimes and discuss how species traits related to windfirmness may vary
along hurricane regime gradients. Quantitative characterization of
forest hurricane regimes provides a critical first step for
understanding the evolutionary and ecological role of hurricane regimes
in wind-prone forests.
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