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1. The Schelde estuary, its side basins and their tributaries were sampled in August 1995 and April 1996 for phytoplankton abundance, biomass, diversity and species composition. In order to clarify the underlying causes of differences in phytoplankton communities, the results were related to some important abiotic variables. 2. Although species richness and diversity did not differ significantly between the riverine and the freshwater tidal stations, multivariate ordination techniques based on species abundances differentiate between these two ecosystems. While in the rivers phytoplankton standing stocks were as high in summer as in spring, standing stocks in the freshwater tidal estuary were significantly higher in the August samples. 3. It is postulated that due to the resuspension of suspended solids by estuarine currents, light is limiting phytoplankton development in the freshwater tidal reaches in spring. At that stage, phytoplankton populations have already developed in the rivers. In summer, zooplankton prevent any further increase of riverine phytoplankton populations. In the freshwater tidal estuary, however, increased light levels, a higher residence time compared to rivers and the absence of zooplankton due to low oxygen concentrations permit phytoplankton populations to bloom.

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-Banks of navigable canals are often stabilized with "hard" materials resulting in unsuitable conditions for marginal riparian vegetation. A constructed marginal shallow and sheltered water zone can favour riparian vegetation. In 1998, a new canal branch with shallow water zones was constructed along the canal Ghent-Bruges (Belgium). This study analysed plant vegetation development of these shallow zones, its spatial variation and its mid-way succession. For this purpose, riparian vegetation was investigated by plots in the middle of the shallow water zones, on the canal bank side and on the defence dam side in 2006 and 2009. The studied shallow water zones permitted the development of helophyte vegetation on the sides but hardly in the middle. Differences in number of taxa, diversity-index and Grime's competitiveness and ruderality were observed on the sides. The application of different construction materials is discussed as a possible cause. An increase of competitiveness and a decrease of ruderality indicated vegetation succession during the period 2006-2009. Rooted aquatic plant vegetation was poorly developed in the studied shallow water zones probably due to the deposition and accumulation of fine sediments. The results were interpreted in relation to possible design principles of shallow water zones and might be useful for waterway managers, policy-makers and technicians in future bank engineering projects along navigable canals. Moreover, the study contributes to the knowledge of mitigating negative ecological effects associated with navigation. Such bank rehabilitation measures may be necessary to achieve the ecological goals of the European Water Framework Directive.