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The aim of this study was to examine the conscious processing hypothesis as an explanation of the anxiety/performance relationship. The study was designed to identify conscious processing performance effects while controlling for an alternative attentional threshold explanation identified in previous research. Participants completed 60 golf putts. They completed 3 blocks of 10 putts in single task, task-relevant shadowing, and task-irrelevant tone-counting conditions. Each set of 3 × 10 putts was completed in low and high anxiety conditions. Anxiety was elevated using an instructional set. Self-reported effort and spectral analysis of heart rate variability were used to examine the patterning of effort across the different putting conditions. Findings indicated that performance was impaired in the high anxiety shadowing and tone-counting conditions, supporting an attentional threshold interpretation. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability indicated that potential compensatory increases in spectral power in the high frequency band associated with dual-task putting in the low anxiety condition were absent in the high anxiety tone-counting and shadowing putting conditions, partially reflecting the performance findings. No effects were found for self-reported effort. Taken together, the performance and heart rate variability results support an attentional interpretation of the anxiety/motor performance relationship.

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Instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) is a technique that has been developed as a measure of workload to provide immediate subjective ratings of work demands during the performance of primary work tasks such as air traffic control. This paper reports a study that compared the results of ISA with those gathered from other established workload evaluation techniques; subjective ratings collected at the end of the task, mean heart rate and heart rate variability, and error in the primary task of tracking. ISA ratings were found to be correlated significantly with the post-task ratings of workload, heart rate variability, and task performance. Generally each of the techniques was sensitive to variations in task difficulty. However, performance on the primary tracking task was found to be poorer during periods when ISA responses were required, regardless of whether they were spoken or manual responses. This finding suggests that the usefulness of the technique is limited in comparison to less intrusive measures of workload.

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The demands of dynamic monitoring and fault diagnosis for flight engineer trainees were examined in relation to changes in heart rate (HR) and two spectral analysis measures (midfrequency: 0.07-0.14 Hz; high frequency: 0.15-0.40 Hz) of heart rate variability (HRV). Eleven trainee flight engineers were studied, as part of their training and assessment, over three 3-h sessions in a cockpit simulator. During each session, faults and incidents programmed into the system had to be detected, diagnosed, and corrected. Electrocardiograms were taken, and each session was recorded on videotape. Work phases were classified from video analysis of flight maintenance activities, using Rasmussen's cognitive control taxonomy, into monitoring, routine (rule-based), and problem-solving (knowledge-based) phases. HR and HRV were found to be sensitive to different phases of the work environment. HRV was suppressed during the mentally demanding problem-solving mode of the level flight phase, but only for the midfrequency component. Elevated heart rate, in contrast, was associated with the more generally stressful takeoff and landing phases. The findings support both the use of HRV as a physiological index of mental effort and its value in operational contexts, and the value of ecologically derived methods of evaluating differences in work demands in complex systems.

One hundred and six ward‐based nurses of 340 approached completed questionnaires measuring sources of stress within their work, the managerial support available to them, the strategies they used to cope with work stress and levels of anxiety, depression, and work satisfaction. Univariate analysis identified consistent relationships between work stress and each of these outcomes. Lack of managerial support was also associated both with negative mood states and, particularly, with low levels of work satisfaction. Multivariate analyses showed the key predictors of negative affect to be lack of management support, job overspill, having to make decisions under time pressure and lack of recognition by the organisation. These data fit well into existing models of work stress, and their implications for organisational change are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.