In humans, individuals recognize other individuals by numerous types of independent information, such as the quality of the voice, appearance of the face, smell, gait, and posture. Humans also have integrated memories of others--that is, in response to a face or a voice the individual is recognized by name and other information about that individual is remembered. In many nonhuman species, individual recognition also occurs. Although observational studies suggest that individuals of some nonhuman species may be able to use several different cues for individual recognition, little experimental proof for this is available. Golden hamsters have at least 5 individually distinctive odors and they develop integrated, multi-odor memories (concepts) of familiar individuals, as shown by across-odor habituation experiments. Little is known, however, about the conditions that are necessary to develop such integrated memories. In these experiments we investigated what kinds of experiences were necessary for male hamsters to develop multiodor memories of females. The results show that exposure to all of the odors of another individual was not sufficient to develop such multiodor memories but that physical contact between the subjects and stimulus animals was necessary. Multiodor representations were developed after interactions with anesthetized individuals, confirming the finding that physical contact was important but also showing that interaction with an awake, behaving individual was not necessary to form multiodor representations of other individuals. We are not aware of experimental proof for integrated, multicomponant memories in any other nonhuman species.
Visual processing is limited: we cannot exhaustively analyze every object in a scene in a brief glance. However, ensemble perception affords the visual system a rapid shortcut to efficiently evaluate multiple objects. Ensemble processing has been widely tested across basic features. However, ensemble perception could be especially important and valuable for processes that are normally thought to require cognitive deliberative effort. One typical high-level cognitive process that humans engage in frequently is evaluating the value of objects. Here, we presented brief displays of consumer products to human observers and measured their visual sensitivity to the average value of the sets. We found that participants were sensitive to the average value of sets of products even when they did not have explicit memory for every item in the display. Our results show that value judgments can be based on ensemble information. Although value is thought to be an inferential concept, ensemble processing affords the brain a heuristic to efficiently assign value to entire sets of objects.
Abstract-Automatic Dynamic Resource Management (AutoDRM) is a method to efficiently manage shared resources in the tactical network environments without human operator intervention. The AutoDRM architecture is developed as an attempt to resolve the resource contention issues and to improve the quality of service in the tactical network environments. The information herein describes the key components of the AutoDRM architecture. An experimental end-to-end network prototype test bed was also developed to host the AutoDRM system. Experimental results demonstrate improved network performance when AutoDRM is deployed.
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