With the European Green Deal, the importance of recycled products and materials has increased. Specifically, for PET bottles, a high content of recycled material (rPET) is demanded by the industry and consumers. This study was carried out in a lab environment replicating real-life industrial processes, to investigate the possible impacts on rPET quality over eleven recycling loops, aiming to use high amounts of rPET repetitively. A cycle included extrusion, solid state polycondensation (SSP), a second extrusion to simulate bottle production, hot wash and a drying step. 75% rPET and 25% virgin PET were extruded in eleven cycles to simulate a recycling and production process. Samples underwent chemical, physical and biological analysis. The quality of the rPET material was not adversely affected. Parameters such as coloring, intrinsic viscosity, concentration of critical chemicals and presence of mutagenic contaminants could be positively assessed. The quality of the produced material was likely influenced by the input material’s high standard. A closed loop PET bottle recycling process using an rPET content of up to 75% was possible when following the proposed process, indicating that this level of recycled content can be maintained indefinitely without compromising quality.
This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/4989/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Power production is shifting away from centralised generation plants to production of heat and power at the point of demand. A technology that may play a part in this shift is the ducted wind turbine (DWT). The emergence of small building integrated micro turbines opens up the possibility of utilising the differential pressures occurring around buildings for local power production. This paper describes work to develop and test a simple mathematical model of a ducted wind turbine and its integration within a building simulation tool. A case study in which the simulation model will be used to analyse of the likely power output from a building incorporating ducted wind turbines within the façade is also presented.
Welcome to this special business-to-business (B2B) edition of the IDM Journal. The IDM manages a series of leadership and practice councils. These advisory boards provide a professional and experienced perspective of marketing in practice. Within the B2B Marketing Council we have a superb representation of marketing professionals from both agency and client side. The council members hail from globally recognized organizations, such as Google, MasterCard, IBM, Adobe and Deloitte. We also have executives from some of the leading UK B2B marketing agencies, such as OgilvyOne, Junction, MOI, Really B2B, Think Direct, CleverTouch and Foss Initiatives. The B2B Marketing Council meets quarterly with senior members of the IDM with the overall purpose of advising the IDM staff and tutors on how to stay current for their members and provide direction on future marketing courses that will be required by marketing students around the world. The B2B Marketing Council wants to ensure that we provide challenging content that addresses some current marketing issues and also fuels the marketing debate to inspire more people to start a career in B2B marketing. We want to challenge them to improve their skills and inspire them to achieve more in their current roles, their businesses and their careers. B2B marketing is a very exciting field, sometimes not as recognized as business-to-consumer marketing, but just as challenging and even more rewarding. The market for experienced B2B marketing candidates is on the increase and is set to grow year-on-year as more businesses expand. Let us hope that some readers will be able to include their thoughts and experiences in similar special issues of the IDM Journal in the not too distant future. The roles of the B2B Marketing Council and this Journal are not dissimilar. The council aims to provide a current perspective on the state of B2B marketing, to create debate, to challenge thinking, and to provide learnings and solutions around what is currently being discussed in firms up and down the country. The articles included in this special issue of the Journal are written to provide observations based on experience on how to become a better B2B marketer for your business. The IDM will focus on seven key marketing topics in 2015 and beyond. These are email marketing, search engine marketing (search engine optimization and pay-per-click), content marketing, social marketing, marketing automation, user experience (UX) and Google Analytics. Therefore, it made sense for the members of the B2B Marketing Council to concentrate on one or two of these topics to provide their thoughts, experiences and solutions. The articles are all of a very high quality. As a reader, you are gaining access to some relevant and exclusive content. If we take the case study provided by IBM on Wimbledon 2014, for example, the overview, learnings and results are truly inspiring and achievable not just by a global brand. Marketing automation seems to be the marketing technology topic of the moment and I am not sure whether ...
The recent local authority waste statistics has shown a downturn in England's household recycling rate. Although the drop was small, it was a significant symbolic event: the recycling rate had previously risen every year this century. There has been little critical examination of the figures to identify the causes of the change, and thus the appropriate policy responses. Instead, there has been a tendency to seize on the dip as evidence to support a number of preconceived policy positions. This paper looks more closely at the figures and concludes that while there is little cause for concern, it may prompt a fresh action to boost recycling.
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