Abstract. The notions of permutable and globally permutable lattices were first introduced and studied by J. Krempa and B. Terlikowska-Os lowska [4]. These are lattices preserving many interesting properties of modular lattices. In this paper all finite groups with globally permutable lattices of subgroups are described. It is shown that such finite p-groups are exactly the p-groups with modular lattices of subgroups, and that the nonnilpotent groups form an essentially larger class though they have a description very similar to that of non-nilpotent modular groups.
Let G be any finite group and L(G) the lattice of all subgroups of G. If L(G) is strongly balanced (globally permutable) then we observe that the uniform dimension and the strong uniform dimension of L(G) are well defined, and we show how to calculate these dimensions.
O acesso a um advogado na fase anterior ao julgamento é um com- ponente essencial do direito de defesa no processo penal e do direito a um julgamento justo. O acesso a um advogado permite que o imputado tome uma boa decisão em relação à sua defesa. Atualmente, não há dúvida de que o acesso imediato à defesa técnica constitui um contrapeso importante à vulne- rabilidade dos suspeitos sob custódia policial, garante a igualdade de armas e fornece uma salvaguarda fundamental contra a coerção. Este estudo analisao direito do imputado a um advogado na fase inicial da persecução penal na jurisprudência do Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos. A primeira parte do artigo apresenta uma análise da compreensão sobre o direito a um advogado na fase anterior ao julgamento, conforme aplicado pelo TEDH antes do caso Salduz. Esse período foi caracterizado por uma falta de precisão quanto aos limites temporais do direito previsto no artigo 6.o, n.o 3, alínea c, da CEDH. O item subsequente apresenta as mudanças trazidas pelo julgamento do caso Salduz no que diz respeito à proteção dos suspeitos e à garantia de seu direito à defesa técnica. Argumenta-se que a doutrina Salduz não apenas abrangia o acesso do suspeito a um advogado na fase inicial do procedimento prévio ao julgamento, mas também enfatizava a obrigação de informar o suspeito sobre os seus direitos, incluindo o direito de permanecer em silêncio. Um ele- mento importante da doutrina Salduz era a possibilidade de excluir as provas obtidas durante um interrogatório em investigação preliminar conduzido na ausência de um advogado de defesa. Além disso, argumenta-se que o standard estabelecido no julgamento no caso Salduz v. Turquia foi confirmado em uma série de decisões posteriores. A quarta parte do artigo chama a atenção para a erosão do padrão Salduz que ocorreu com o julgamento no caso Ibrahim e outros vs. Reino Unido. O artigo também destaca os recentes acórdãos do TEDH, que reforçaram a opinião expressa no caso Ibrahim e outros c. Reino Unido a respeito de uma verificação de legitimidade do julgamento como um todo. Salienta-se nas conclusões que a jurisprudência recente do TEDH não oferece qualquer motivo para otimismo em relação à assistência jurídica na fase inicial da persecução penal.
Abstract. We give the description of locally finite groups with strongly balanced subgroup lattices and we prove that the strong uniform dimension of such groups exists. Moreover we show how to determine this dimension.
Th e amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure that came into force aft er 15 April 2016, created an extraordinary new appeal measure-complaint against an appellate court judgment. It is described in Chapter 55a of the Code. Th e complaint against an appellate court judgment can be fi led to the Supreme Court if the appellate court reversing the judgment of the court of fi rst instance refers the case for re-examination. According to Article 539a § 1 of the Code, the complaint may be fi led due to a violation of Article 437 or due to any one of the infringements listed in Article 439 § 1. Th e article analyses the legal construction of the regulation, the condition of its application and the scope of the controls carried out by the Supreme Court to adjudicate on complaint against the appellate court judgment. Th e author draws particular attention to the kind of negligence of the court of appeal which should be taken into account by the Supreme Court. Besides, the article shows discrepancies arising between decisions of the Supreme Court on the points of law which justifi ed the setting aside of the judgment and the referral back. Keywords: extraordinary appeal measures, complaint against appellate court, range of contesting, amendment to the criminal procedure law the Supreme Court Słowa kluczowe: nadzwyczajny środek zaskarżenia, skarga na wyrok sądu odwoławczego, zakres zaskarżenia, nowelizacja postępowania karnego, Sąd Najwyższy
This study aims to present the problems associated with the use of information from private internal investigation in a criminal process. The paper first presents the essence, functions, limits, and purposes of internal investigations, taking into account legal restrictions, including constitutional ones. Further in the paper, the authors critically analyze the possibility of using materials obtained and produced in internal investigations in criminal proceedings. A significant number of internal investigations are conducted by attorneys. Therefore, the paper also evaluates the permissibility of abolishing the attorney-client privilege and of the court or the law enforcement agencies obtaining the materials produced by an attorney in the course of an internal investigation or questioning of the lawyer. Having an attorney conduct an internal investigation improves the security of the information produced in the course of the internal investigation, as the materials are covered by the attorney-client privilege. However, one should bear in mind that in Poland this is not an absolute protection. The considerations led the authors to the conclusion that internal investigations are a valuable tool of the system for preventing irregularities in corporations and an important source of materials that can be used in criminal proceedings.
Glosa do wyroku Sądu1. Wypowiedź Sądu Najwyższego na temat możliwości ujawnienia protokołu przesłuchania świadka przebywającego za granicą w wypadku jego niestawiennictwa na rozprawę, gdy był on uprzednio przesłuchany, wywołuje zasadnicze wątpliwości zarówno gdy chodzi o tezy, jak też o główne wątki argumentacyjne. Wymaga on tym samym głębszej analizy, a wręcz się jej domaga, bowiem uzasadnienie cytowanych tez jest ogólne, by nie powiedzieć -fragmentami wewnętrznie sprzeczne. Z jednej strony Sąd Najwyższy wskazuje, że możliwość swobodnego podróżowania po krajach unijnych powoduje, iż często jedynym realnym utrudnieniem w złożeniu przez świadka przebywającego za granicą zeznań przed sądem może być znaczna odległość miej-
1Wyrok SN z dnia 18 marca 2015 r., II KK 318/14, "Orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego. Izba Karna i Wojskowa" 2015, nr 9, poz. 73.
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