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Point processes on the positive real axis which are positively selfexciting in a sense expressed by their martingale dynamics are studied in this paper. It is shown that such processes can be realized as increasing mappings of Poisson processes and are therefore associated in appropriate manners. Some examples are presented, including Hawkes, renewal, Pólya-Lundberg, Markov dependent, semi-Markov, in addition to other point processes. As corollaries an extension of the Burton-Waymire association result and a solution of the Glasserman conjecture are obtained. Some results on dependence in stochastic processes of interest in queueing are given as a by product.

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This report examines and classifies policy responses in ten major emerging economies to the rise in international agricultural commodity prices in 2006-08. It also analyses impacts of these responses on the domestic market to evaluate their effectiveness in meeting stated policy objectives. The report separates government responses into four major types: market interventions to limit the rise in food prices, market interventions to control inflation, assistance to consumers through safety nets and support to producers. As an indication of the relative importance of these responses in a given country, the report estimates the fiscal costs of policies applied. Developments in trade flows, price transmission, inflation, consumption and production were used to investigate impacts on domestic markets and to draw policy conclusions. Market interventions to minimise the impact on consumers were not always successful, even if trade flows were disrupted, and had taxing effects on farmers who could not benefit from higher international prices. These taxing effects were often partly compensated by increased input-linked support to farmers, which had a relatively high fiscal cost in some instances.emerging economies, policy responses to food price rise, food price spikes, policy conclusions

Sufficient conditions are given under which two simple point processes on the positive half-line can be stochastically compared as random elements of D(0,∞) or R∞+ Using a martingale approach to point processes, the conditions are proposed via a compensator function family. Appropriate versions of the processes being compared are constructed on the same probability space. The results are illustrated by replacement policies and semi-Markov point processes.

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Sufficient conditions are given under which two simple point processes on the positive half-line can be stochastically compared as random elements of D(0,∞) or R∞ + Using a martingale approach to point processes, the conditions are proposed via a compensator function family. Appropriate versions of the processes being compared are constructed on the same probability space. The results are illustrated by replacement policies and semi-Markov point processes.

No abstract