Glaucoma is a degenerative process of the optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure is believed to be the main factor leading to the glaucomatous damage. The in vitro and in vivo animal glaucoma research models provide insight into the molecular changes in the retina in response to the injury factor. The damage is a complex process incorporating molecular and immunological changes. Such changes involve NFκB activity and complement activation. The processes affect the human antigen, JNK, MAPK, p53, MT2 and DBA/2J molecular pathways, activate the autophagy processes and compromise neuroprotective mechanisms. Activation and inhibition of immunological responses contribute to cell injury. The immunological mechanisms of glaucomatous degeneration include glial response, the complement, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) pathways and toll-like receptors athways. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are factors contributing to cell death in glaucoma. The authors present an up-to-date review of the mechanisms involved and update on research focusing on a possible innovative glaucoma treatment.
The purpose of the article is to do a literature review and present own experience regarding the main causes of ophthalmic injuries in sailors and crew workers. Sailors and sea workers often use heavy equipment when working on a vessel, offshore platform or other. Using these types of tools often carries high risk of injury. They are also exposed to various chemicals, many of which are eye irritants. Ophthalmic injuries are common but rarely fatal. They can lead to vision loss, reduce the quality of life and inability to continue work. The categorized types of these injuries and included chemical, mechanical, electrical, diving related barotrauma and infections. We present the most common cause of these types of injury, situations in which they can occur, pathomechamism of eye damage, recommend a prevention method, recommend the possible first aid and present cases in which specialized treatment in a reference hospital is necessary.
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the technology behind intraocular lenses with extended depth of focus, explain how they work, assess their benefits for patients, and summarize our own early experience.
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