The paper presents the results of an evaluation of the quality of eggs from laying hens kept in caged and free range systems using traditional methods and ultra-weak luminescence (USL). It was found that the tested eggs were fresh and were characterized by the required quality, as demonstrated by analysis of the egg white and egg yolk. Eggs from free-range laying hens were characterized by an eight-fold higher emission of photons compared to eggs from caged hens, and they had over three times higher content of natural antioxidants in the form of carotenoids. Most probably, the higher number of photons emitted is associated with a higher content of biologically active substances in the material under study. Photon emission also varies in different ways depending on the specific hen breeding system. Differences in time in the identified maximum values of photon emission result from the composition of individual parts of the egg. Different times in which the emission peaks occurred for free-range eggs and for caged eggs were observed. The application of the USL method in order to confirm its usefulness in the assessment of food quality requires further research.
Yellow onion waste from industrial peeling was used to obtain three pure preparations: protocatechuic acid (PA), quercetin diglycosides (QD) and quercetin monoglycosides (QM).
The paper presents the results of influence the light of different wavelengths and pulsed electric fields on the content of carotenoids. Seeds germination was carried out in a climatic chamber with phytotron system. The experiment was carried out under seven growing conditions differing in light-emitting diode (LED) wavelengths and using pulsed electric fields (PEFs) with different strength applied before sowing. Cultivation of the sprouts was carried out for seven days at relative humidity 80% and 20 ± 1 °C. Different light wavelengths were used during cultivation: white light (380–780 nm), UVA (340 nm), blue (440 nm), and red (630 nm). In addition, the pulsed electric field (PEF) with three values of strength equal to 1, 2.5 and 5 kV/cm, respectively, was applied to three series of sprouts before sowing. Sprouts treated with the PEF were grown under white light (380–780 nm). The light exposure time for all experimental series of sprouts was 12/12 h (12 h light, 12 h dark for seven days). Lutein is the dominant carotenoid in germinating red clover seeds, the content of which varies from 743 mg/kg in sprouts grown in red light, 862 mg/kg in sprouts grown in UVA, to 888 mg/kg in sprouts grown in blue light. Blue light in the cultivation of red clover sprouts had the most beneficial effect on the increase of carotenoids content and amounted to 42% in β-carotene, 19% in lutein, and 14% in zeaxanthin. It confirms that modelling the content of carotenoids is possible using UVA and blue light (440 nm) during seed cultivation. An increase in the content of β-carotene and lutein in red clover sprouts was obtained in comparison to the test with white light without PEF pre-treatment, respectively by 8.5% and 6%. At the same time a 3.3% decrease in the content of zeaxanthin was observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that PEF pre-treatment may increase mainly the content of β-carotene.
We present a new method of calculating scalar propagator and vertex functions in the two-loop approximation, for arbitrary masses of particles. It is based on a double integral representation, suitable for numerical evaluation. Real and imaginary parts of the diagrams are calculated separately, so that there is no need to use complex arithmetics in the numerical program.
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