Preliminary notesThe paper presents a proposal for determining the Strut-and-Tie models of reinforced concrete plane members using the discrete topology optimization, which involves the truss system for calculation of the stress-strain state of a real member. Strut-and-Tie model can be used for the analysis of both a single part and the entire member, and is particularly suitable for application in cases where an abrupt change of static values and geometrical properties of the member occurs. Based on the presented proposal, the program "ST method" is developed and can automatically determine the final shape of the Strutand-Tie model, stress control of the model elements and the required amount of reinforcement. Moreover, the reinforcement amount optimization of the Strut-and-Tie models is presented in the paper. Keywords: optimization; "ST method"; Strut-and-TieProgram "ST method" za određivanje Strut-and-Tie modela ravninskih AB nosača Prethodno priopćenje U radu je predstavljen prijedlog za određivanje Strut-and-Tie modela armiranobetonskih ravninskih nosača primjenom diskretne topološke optimizacije koja podrazumijeva rešetkasti sustav za proračun stanja naprezanje-deformacija nosača. Strut-and-Tie model se može koristiti pri analizi dijela ili cijelog nosača, a posebno je pogodan na mjestima naglih promjena statičkih veličina i/ili geometrijskih karakteristika nosača. Na osnovu prikazanog prijedloga, razvijen je program "ST method" pomoću kojeg se može automatski odrediti konačan oblik Strut-and-Tie modela, izvršiti kontrola naprezanja u elementima modela i odrediti potrebna količina armature. Također, u radu je prikazana i optimizacija Strut-and-Tie modela prema potrebnoj količini armature.
The paper presents methodology for safety assessment and design of earthquake resistant structures based on application of damage spectra. The damage spectrum can be used for seismic evaluation of vulnerability of structures with given properties and can provide information of damage potential of the recorded ground motions. Damage spectrum represents a variation of a damage index versus structural period for a single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to an earthquake ground motion. The improved damage index, based on plastic deformation and hysteretic energy dissipation, is applied. It depends on maximal plastic deformation, ductility capacity and function including cumulative damage effects. This function, besides the parameter including influence of deterioration, depends on the history of cyclic deformations and on both cyclic and accumulative ductility
The hydropower potential in the Republic of Serbia, as the most important renewable energy source, has been estimated at around 17000 GW•h per year, where approximately 2000 GW•h could be obtained from small hydropower plants (SHP). Small hydropower plants in Serbia currently produce 150 GW•h. Accordingly, the share of the electricity production from small hydropower plants in the total electricity production in Serbia is too small. The paper presents a model for the selection of optimal locations for small hydropower plants, which includes an ecological criterion, along with technical and economic criteria. The ecological criterion is eliminatory, i.e. those parts of the watercourse that border on or pass through protected natural assets are not taken into account when considering potential optimal locations for SHPs. All technical and economic criteria are included in the calculation of the weighted arithmetic mean with the aim of determining the optimal position for the construction of small hydropower plants. The model is implemented in the SHPOP software and its application is demonstrated on five watercourses in Southeastern Serbia.
This paper presents a proposal for determining Strut-and-Tie models of reinforced concrete plane elements. For the purposes of analysis, a computer program was developed and a discrete topological optimization was applied, using a truss member for the design of the stress-strain state of the real member. The method can be used for the analysis of a part or a whole member and it is particularly suitable for the usage in the places of sudden changes of static and/or geometric characteristics of members. The general principle of the method is that compressed members replace concrete parts of the element (surface or volume) and tension members replace the reinforcement. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 36043: Development and application of a comprehensive approach to the design of new and safety assessment of the existing structures for seismic risk reduction in Serbia
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