The objective of this paper is to determine the basic features of the use of mathematical modeling of the system to forecast cryptocurrency exchange rate. The study determines that cryptocurrency is the simplest investment asset being and, at the same time, the riskiest one. Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency use are specified. Advantages include: code openness, anonymity, decentralization, emission, and reliability. Disadvantages include lack of guarantees, instability, risk of prohibition and possible loss. A model to forecast bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange rate is proposed and substantiated mathematically. The observations are the basis to develop a hypothesis: the faster the cryptocurrency (e.g. bitcoin) is mined, the more difficult it is to forecast bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange rate. Certain factors emphasize which may affect the cryptocurrency exchange rate: trade wars of the USA with other export-oriented world economies (China); advent of IEO as the alternative for ICO and new drivers connected with the interest in cryptocurrency; FATF recommendations for market control, the entry of world giants (e.g. Facebook) into the crypto-market and the development of the stablecoin market.
The study involves identifying approaches to estimating the real value of digital assets received by an enterprise, controlled by it, and accounted for at a particular cost. The main purpose of the study is to identify the parameters of estimating the value of the received asset from the type of operations (mining, barter). The study uses the method of description, which allowed to establish certain features of the accounting reflection of cryptocurrency in accounting depending on the type of transaction, recognition, and valuation of such an asset. The study analysed the main operations involving cryptocurrency. It is established that upon transactions with virtual currencies, cryptocurrency, digital assets, special attention should be paid to measuring the consumer value of certain goods (assets). Different approaches to the application of measuring the consumer value of assets are analysed. The possibilities of applying the main types of value are considered, it is established that none of them exhaustively covers the essence of measuring the consumer value of digital assets, virtual currency, and cryptocurrency. The introduction of a new type of value as attributive is proposed and substantiated. The main options for cryptocurrency valuation depending on transactions with such assets are disclosed and options for using a certain type of valuation are recommended. The study provides the calculation of the attributive value depending on certain types of operations. It is established that the proposed attributive value reflects a direct dependence on income and sales of the asset, the cost of such an asset, and its recognition for tax purposes. The study provides a real example of calculating and applying the attribute value of a Bitcoin Cash coin for reporting during the revaluation of an asset
The purpose of the research to determine the main features of the use of cryptocurrency and its identification as an object in the account. A comparative description of cryptocurrencies, electronic money and paper money is given. It has been established that there are no grounds to classify various types of cryptocurrencies in the accounting system as ordinary currencies or assets in a given period of time because they: are not regulated by any jurisdictions; it is not possible to identify the issuer or the specific organization responsible for its issuance; cryptocurrency exists only in the virtual Internet environment. Methods. General scientific methods and approaches, systematic approach, general research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison), statistical methods. Results. The list of stages for reflection of activity of the business entity with use of cryptocurrency is offered and considered. The mining process is analysed and the list of cost items for the extraction of new digital coins is highlighted. The variant on reflection in the account of operations with cryptocurrency on accounts of accounting is offered. There are options for reflection in the accounting of cryptocurrency depending on its recognition: virtual goods, intangible assets, financial investments, digital money. To calculate the cost of cryptocurrency obtained by self-extraction, it is necessary to consider the main costs that need to be identified and reflected in the account. In addition to cryptocurrency, you can extract altcoins, lightcoins or convert cryptocurrencies into stablecoins, which cannot be extracted, but can only be purchased. The article presents the main aspects of calculating the cost, which include: the cost of electricity for individuals and legal entities in the country; the cost of the necessary equipment, its depreciation and maintenance, depreciation; residual value at which you can sell old mining equipment; hash – the speed of solving mathematical problems with one or another equipment; network load and production complexity; monetary value or exchange rate of a particular cryptocurrency or digital assets. Practical meaning. Despite all the scientific developments, the issue of accounting for cryptocurrency from the point of view of IFRS is quite debatable. On the one hand, most propose to account for it as a specific intangible asset. Virtual currency is a huge amount of computing power and digital assets. At this stage of technological development of mankind, cryptocurrency is gaining a stable position in the international market. Prospects for further research. Rapid development is causing further capacity growth and interest, but may eventually lead to collapse. However, if the price stability of the cryptocurrency is achieved, it can be used in international transactions, not just for speculative gain. However, this issue will be directly related to the legalization of the new currency and its recognition by central banks as a means of exchange or storage of money. There is a need for further research to understand the basic conditions for the use of digital currency in the payments market.
Introduction. Methods of depreciation of non-current manufacturing assets based on the indicator of their expected lifespan do not fairly link the amounts of depreciation to the finished product. Also, they do not take into account the pace of operations and are inconsistent with the fundamental matching principle in accounting, which leads to unfair depreciation. This problem is reinforced due to the incorrect definition of the finished product from the perspective of its relevance to non-current manufacturing assets in use. Purpose. The research is focused on the improvement of accounting for basic data and advances in the units of production method used for computing depreciation amounts related to non-current manufacturing assets at mining enterprises. The proposed improvements and advances are expected to contribute significantly to solving the problem of unfair depreciation. Results. To solve the problem of unfair depreciation of non-current manufacturing assets at the mine, it is suggested to account extracted rock mass as a finished product. Furthermore, specific accounts for minerals and waste rock should be included into the chart of accounts. The researchers suggest ways to improve the units of production depreciation method applied with regard to non-current manufacturing assets by assessing the value of assets used for the extraction of minerals and the value of the assets used for the extraction of the waste rock through a special ratio of minerals to the total rock mass. Conclusions. Accounting in mining corporations provides aggregation of information related to untagged coal only if they consist of mines without enrichment plants and untagged coal with concentrated coal if they consist of mines and enrichment plants. Methods used for depreciation relevant to the national and international accounting standards do not take into account specific conditions of extracting industry. To ensure fair depreciation of non-current manufacturing assets, the authors of the article have improved the units of production method by introducing a special ratio of the extracted minerals to the total rock mass. The improved method is expected to positively influence the accumulation of depreciation funds since it is more accurate and consistent with the real depreciation of non-current manufacturing assets. Further research will be focused on the development of methodology for the correct finding of non-current assets in mining, as well as improvements in accounting for non-current assets transmitted from one mine to another within a single mining corporation. Keywords: Accounting; Depreciation; Non-current Assets; Units of Production Method; Finished Product; Mining JEL Classіfіcatіon: L84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V161-21 Пашкевич М. С. доктор економічних наук, доцент, завідувач кафедри обліку і аудиту, Національний гірничий університет, Дніпро, Україна Макурін А. А. асистент, кафедра обліку і аудиту, Національний гірничий університет, Дніпро, Україна Удосконалення обліку амортизації основних засобі...
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