In the context of high energy intensity of the country's economy, contributing to a decrease in the industry competitiveness of the Russian Federation, it is relevant to develop scientific approaches to energy efficiency provision. The article is aimed at stimulating the optimal structure of electric power generation in Russia, promoting energy conservation and lowering energy intensity of the economy. The Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the dependence of the gross electric output on such production factors as labor costs and capital. Based on the expert evaluation method, the sources of electricity generation were differentiated according to the level of labor intensity. An optimization model has been developed for electric power generation structure in Russia in the context of actual energy generation sources: Nuclear power plants; natural gas fired thermal power plants, coal and fuel oil fired power plants; hydropower plants; solar power plants; wind power plants; tidal power plants; and biofuel power plants. The percentage changes in the consumption of energy resources and power generation, ensuring a decrease in the energy intensity of the Russian Gross Domestic Product by 19.1%, are argued. The system of optimization measures has been substantiated; their practical implementation will contribute to the steady decline in energy intensity of the Russian economy, effective energy consumption and the growth of the country's energy potential, with regard to ensuring structural changes in the energy sector.
The development of scientific approaches to assessing and diagnosing the financial risks of oil industry in the Russian Federation becomes a high priority task in conditions of high level of volatility in oil prices in the world energy market and preservation of sanctions regime. The article shows the main threats to financial stability of oil companies in Russia. Using cluster analysis, a system of indicators is proposed that determines the level of financial risk of oil companies in Russia. Based on the method of expert assessments and fuzzy sets, the classification of financial risk levels of oil industry is proposed. The integrated financial risk level of oil industry was calculated and scenarios of its development for 2018-2020 were forecast by means of regression modeling. The system of measures to improve the stability of oil companies and prevent functional financial risks is argued. The practical implementation of research results will be the basis for timely diagnosis of financial risks and qualitative development of preventive measures to neutralize them in the oil industry of Russia.
The paper presents the methodology for identifying the differentiated Mineral Extraction Tax (MET) rates relating to the recovery of solid minerals. Experiments, aimed to find solutions to these tasks by using generalized gradient method, have shown that the objective functions may have more than one local extremum. In this respect, to calculate ad valorem MET rates, it is suggested to use evolutionary algorithms. The technogenic raw materials are currently of economic interest for the purpose of extraction of valuable components and production of finished goods. Moreover, sometimes the content of valuable components in technogenic deposits (TD) exceeds their content in natural fields to be processed. Secondary mineral resources bring harm to the ecosystem, yet it is impossible to insure the environmental risks due to the lack of objects of subsoil use. The differentiated rates are selected on the basis of maximum MET capacity on all the valuable components extracted from deposits provided that each deposit is considered to be an investment project for the stated problem.
Energy subsidies stimulate excessive energy consumption, accelerate the depletion of natural resources, and reduce incentives for investment in green energy and renewable energy sources. In response to these factors, in 2009, the G-20 countries agreed to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. Subsidizing fossil fuels has significant economic consequences, such as creating artificial incentives for the development of traditional energy sectors, leading to unequal distribution of benefits from the development of natural resources among the population, as well as further burdening the state budget. In this research, the DEA method (Data Envelopment Analysis) is applied for a comparative cross-country analysis of the efficiency of government support for natural gas production in seven countriesthe leading producers in the worldfor the period 2013-2018; this comprised of four OECD countries with developed economies (USA, Canada, Norway, and Australia) and three BRICS countries with developing economies and emerging markets (China, Brazil, and Russia). An extended version of the DEA method allowed us to evaluate not only the technical efficiency but also the price efficiency of budget support for natural gas production in the considered countries. The data for the empirical model characterizing the extent of financial support extended to natural gas producers through budgetary transfers and tax expenditures were retrieved from the the OECD statistics database. The obtained results indicate the low efficiency of state support for natural gas production in Russia. The Russian government's policy is not directly aimed at an extensive development of the oil and gas sectors. Furthermore, urgent measures should be adopted to end inefficient energy subsidies that stimulate wasteful consumption of non-renewable raw materials and fossil fuels-an obligation for all G20 members. The economic and financial implications of ending fossil fuel subsidies should be comprehensively explored. In this regard, DEA models for evaluating the relative efficiency of state support for energy subsidies can be used as a powerful tool for solving a complex and crucial task of reforming the country's energy policy in line with global climate goals.
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