The quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle is a great platform for control systems research as its nonlinear nature and under-actuated configuration make it ideal to synthesize and analyze control algorithms. After a brief explanation of the system, several algorithms have been analyzed including their advantages and disadvantages: PID, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Sliding mode, Backstepping, Feedback linearization, Adaptive, Robust, Optimal, L1, H∞, Fuzzy logic and Artificial neutral networks. The conclusion of this work is a proposal of hybrid systems to be considered as they combine advantages from more than one control philosophy.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)—including child maltreatment, witnessing violence, and household dysfunction—have been robustly associated with poor health in later life. There is also increasing evidence that those who experience childhood adversity are more likely subsequently to be victims or perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Most evidence, however, is cross-sectional and concentrated in high-income settings, and cannot be generalized to more diverse contexts. In contrast, this study assessed longitudinal relations between ACEs and IPV in a low-income country. We interviewed 1,878 adolescents in rural Malawi between 2017 and 2018 (aged 10–16) and again in 2021 (aged 13–20). Adolescents completed the Adverse Childhood Experience—International Questionnaire. Past-year physical, sexual, and emotional IPV victimization and perpetration were measured using the WHO’s Violence Against Women Instrument. We estimated multivariate regression models between cumulative adversity (0–13 adversities) at baseline and IPV at follow-up among respondents who reported any romantic or sexual partnerships. The cumulative ACEs score was associated with emotional IPV victimization for boys ( OR = 1.12 per ACE) and sexual IPV victimization for girls ( OR = 1.18). The ACEs score demonstrated a significant association with perpetration for girls only ( OR = 1.33 for emotional IPV). By using longitudinal data, we more rigorously demonstrated the critical role of childhood adversity in shaping later IPV behavior. There are ongoing efforts toward primary prevention of childhood adversity. Given the burden that adolescents already carry (six ACEs on average in our sample), we also need secondary interventions that can help interrupt the pathway from adversity to IPV. This calls for increased collaboration between those working to address violence against children and violence against women.

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NEED), comprises a consortium of five partner institutions from Botswana, Germany, Namibia and Zambia undertaking collaborative research aimed at kick-starting and institutionalizing the widespread exploitation of renewable energy resources in the Southern African region. Starting with three countries, namely Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, the network is expected to gradually expand to cover the SADC region. The paper highlights the activity areas and concerns of the NEED project: establishing the dominant renewable energy technologies (RET); capacity building; harmonizing industry standards; institutionalizing policies and research strategies; and developing RET concepts for the dry and wet regions of Namibia and Botswana, respectively.

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