We determined the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci from animals and staff at a small animal and equine hospital. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) identical to human EMRSA-15 was found in dogs and hospital staff. In contrast, 5 distinct MRSA strains were isolated from horses but not from hospital staff.
A flock of 13,951 hens and 1379 cockerels was monitored from 26 to 58 weeks of age for the complex of salpingitis, peritonitis and salpingoperitonitis (sps). Two hundred and forty-three hens (78 per cent of the hens that died) were examined postmortem, and sps was recognised by gross examination for inflammatory exudate, in the body cavity or oviduct in 111 (46 per cent) of them. Salpingoperitonitis was the most common form, followed by salpingitis and then peritonitis. There were acute and chronic cases in all three conditions, but only in peritonitis were acute cases more common than chronic cases. Seventeen birds that had died of sps were cultured for aerobic bacteria within 12 hours of death. Escherichia coli was recovered from a variety of tissues from all of them, and other bacteria, including staphylococci, Mannheimia haemolytica and Streptococcus bovis, were isolated from a few carcases, either alone or together with E coli. Relatively few isolations of E coli were made from normal hens cultured 48, 72 and 96 hours after death.
c Recent reports raised concerns about the role that farm stock may play in the dissemination of extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. This study characterized the ESBLs in two Escherichia coli and three Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates from cases of clinical bovine mastitis in the United Kingdom. Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing of bovine mastitic milk samples identified Gram-negative cefpodoxime-resistant isolates, which were assessed for their ESBL phenotypes. Conjugation experiments and PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) were used for characterization of transferable plasmids. E. coli isolates belonged to sequence type 88 (ST88; determined by multilocus sequence typing) and carried bla CTX-M-15 and bla TEM-1 , while K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates carried bla SHV-12 and bla TEM-1 . Conjugation experiments demonstrated that bla CTX-M-15 and bla TEM-1 were carried on a conjugative plasmid in E. coli, and PBRT identified this to be an IncI1 plasmid. The resistance genes were nontransferable in K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates. Moreover, in the E. coli isolates, an association of ISEcp1 and IS26 with bla CTX-M-15 was found where the IS26 element was inserted upstream of both ISEcp1 and the bla CTX-M promoter, a genetic arrangement highly similar to that described in some United Kingdom human isolates. We report the first cases in Europe of bovine mastitis due to E. coli CTX-M-15 and also of bovine mastitis due to K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae SHV-12 -lactamases in the United Kingdom. We also describe the genetic environment of bla CTX-M-15 and highlight the role that IncI1 plasmids may play in the spread and dissemination of ESBL genes, which have been described in both human and cattle isolates.
We characterized extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in 32 Escherichia coli extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant clinical isolates from UK companion animals from several clinics. In addition, to investigate the possible dissemination of ESBL clinical isolates within a veterinary hospital, two ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from a dog with septic peritonitis and a cluster of environmental ESC-resistant E. coli isolates obtained from the same clinic and during the same time period, as these two particular ESBL-positive clinical isolates, were also included in the study. Molecular characterization identified blaCTX-M to be the most prevalent gene in ESC-resistant isolates, where 66% and 27% of clinical isolates carried blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-14, respectively. The only PMQR gene detected was aac(6')-Ib-cr, being found in 34% of the ESC E. coli isolates and was associated with the carriage of blaCTX-M-15. The clinical and environmental isolates investigated for hospital dissemination had a common ESBL/AmpC phenotype, carried blaCTX-M-15, and co-harbored blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Multilocus sequence typing identified them all as ST410, while pulse-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated 100% homology of clinical and environmental isolates, suggesting hospital environmental dissemination of CTX-M-15–producing E. coli ST410.
This is the first report of Escherichia coli isolates producing CTX-M-15, the predominant type of extendedspectrum -lactamase (ESBL) associated with clinical disease in humans in the United Kingdom, in a United Kingdom pet dog. This report also describes the first isolation of CTX-M/Tem ESBL-positive E. coli from bile in dogs with hepatobiliary disease. CASE REPORTS Case 1. A 7-year-old female spayed golden retriever was referred for exercise intolerance, vomiting, diarrhea, and panting. Previous treatment had included administration of potentiated amoxicillin, ranitidine, and maropitant. One episode of icterus was also reported before the dog was referred. Abdominal discomfort was noted upon physical examination, and in abdominal ultrasound analysis, the liver appeared normal with respect to size and echogenicity, but the gallbladder showed mildly thickened walls and sludge content. A true cut of the liver for histology and culture and bile aspiration for culture were performed. A minimal amount of inflammatory cells were present on bile cytology, but free bacteria were noted. Histology results were consistent with moderate lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic hepatitis (with negative copper staining results); a bile culture revealed heavy growth of two culture variants of nonhemolytic Escherichia coli, but no bacterial growth was obtained from liver tissue.Treatment was started with S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) and marbofloxacin (3 mg/kg of body weight orally once daily [p.o. SID]) for 6 weeks. One week after administration of the antibiotics was stopped, the dog had clinically improved and gained two kilograms in weight. Episodic lethargy was still reported. The appearance of the gallbladder remained unchanged in the ultrasound analysis. Bile culture revealed the same two culture variants (0784A and 0784B) of E. coli, which were both shown to be sensitive to imipenem and were therefore treated with that antibiotic (10 mg/kg subcutaneously [SQ] every 8 hours [q8h]) for 14 days. A follow-up 2 weeks into treatment had been scheduled to ensure efficacy of the treatment, but the owner was not able to attend. The dog was treated for a total of 4 weeks and rechecked 1 week after the end of the antibiotic treatment. Although marked clinical improvement was reported during treatment, lethargy and panting had recommenced within days of stopping it. Repeat bile cultures yielded a mixed growth consisting of the same two culture variants of E. coli (0784A and 0784B) and also yielding Enterococcus faecium. It was decided to perform a cholecystectomy at that stage. The gallbladder was sent for histology, and cystic mucinous hyperplasia was diagnosed. The dog recovered from the surgery uneventfully. Two months after surgery, the abdominal ultrasound analysis was repeated and a gastric mass was found to be present (suspected neoplasia) that had not been previously noted. The owner elected no further diagnosis or treatment at that point.Case 2. A 4.5-year-old female spayed standard poodle presented with acute onset jaundice. Th...
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