Fast Radio Bursts are millisecond-duration astronomical radio pulses of unknown physical origin that appear to come from extragalactic distances [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Previous follow-up observations have failed to find additional bursts at the same dispersion measures (i.e. integrated column density of free electrons between source and telescope) and sky position as the original detections 9 . The apparent non-repeating nature of the fast radio bursts has led several authors to hypothesise that they originate in cataclysmic astrophysical events 10 . Here we report the detection of ten additional bursts from the direction of FRB 121102, using the 305-m Arecibo telescope. These new bursts have dispersion measures and sky positions consistent with the original burst 4 . This unambiguously identifies FRB 121102 as repeating and demonstrates that its source survives the energetic events that cause the bursts. Additionally, the bursts from FRB 121102 show a wide range of spectral shapes that appear to be predominantly intrinsic to the source and which vary on timescales of minutes or shorter. While there may be multiple physical origins for the population of fast radio bursts, the repeat bursts with high dispersion measure and variable spectra specifically seen from FRB 121102 support models that propose an origin in a young, highly magnetised, extragalactic neutron star 11,12 .2 FRB 121102 was discovered 4 in the PALFA survey, a deep search of the Galactic plane at 1.4 GHz for radio pulsars and fast radio bursts (FRBs) using the 305-m William E. Gordon Telescope at the Arecibo Observatory and the 7-beam Arecibo L-band Feed Array (ALFA) 13,14 . The observed dispersion measure (DM) of the burst is roughly three times the maximum value expected along this line of sight in the NE2001 model 15 of Galactic electron density, i.e. β DM ≡ DM FRB /DM Gal Max ∼ 3, suggesting an extragalactic origin.Initial Arecibo follow-up observations were limited in both dwell time and sky coverage and resulted in no detection of additional bursts 4 . In 2015 May and June we carried out more extensive follow-up using Arecibo, covering a ∼ 9 radius with a grid of six ALFA pointings around the then-best sky position of FRB 121102 (Figure 1 and Extended Data Table 1 and 2). As described in the Methods, high-time-resolution, total intensity spectra were recorded, and the data were processed using standard radio-frequency interference (RFI) excision, dispersion removal, and single-pulse-search algorithms implemented in the PRESTO software suite and associated data reduction pipelines 14,16,17 .We detected 10 additional bursts from FRB 121102 in these observations. The burst properties, and those of the initial FRB 121102 burst, are listed in Table 1. The burst intensities are shown in Figure 2. No other periodic or single-pulse signals of a plausible astrophysical origin were detected at any other DM. Until the source's physical nature is clear, we continue to refer to it as FRB 121102 and label each burst chronologically starting with the o...

The precise localization of the repeating fast radio burst (FRB 121102) has provided the first unambiguous association (chance coincidence probability p3×10 −4 ) of an FRB with an optical and persistent radio counterpart. We report on optical imaging and spectroscopy of the counterpart and find that it is an extended (0 6-0 8) object displaying prominent Balmer and [O III] emission lines. Based on the spectrum and emission line ratios, we classify the counterpart as a low-metallicity, star-forming, m r′ = 25.1 AB mag dwarf galaxy at a redshift of z = 0.19273(8), corresponding to a luminosity distance of 972 Mpc. From the angular size, the redshift, and luminosity, we estimate the host galaxy to have a diameter 4 kpc and a stellar mass of M * ∼(4-7)×107 M e , assuming a mass-to-light ratio between 2 to 3 M e L e −1 . Based on the Hα flux, we estimate the star formation rate of the host to be 0.4 M e yr −1 and a substantial host dispersion measure (DM) depth 324 pc cm −3 . The net DM contribution of the host galaxy to FRB 121102 is likely to be lower than this value depending on geometrical factors. We show that the persistent radio source at FRB 121102's location reported by Marcote et al. is offset from the galaxy's center of light by ∼200 mas and the host galaxy does not show optical signatures for AGN activity. If FRB 121102 is typical of the wider FRB population and if future interferometric localizations preferentially find them in dwarf galaxies with low metallicities and prominent emission lines, they would share such a preference with long gamma-ray bursts and superluminous supernovae.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration, extragalactic radio flashes of unknown physical origin [1][2][3] . FRB 121102, the only known repeating FRB source [4][5][6] , has been localized to a star-forming region in a dwarf galaxy 7-9 at redshift z = 0.193, and is spatially coincident with a compact, persistent radio source 7,10 . The origin of the bursts, the nature of the persistent source, and the properties of the local environment are still debated. Here we present bursts that show ∼100% linearly polarized emission at a very high and variable Faraday rotation measure in the source frame: RM src = +1.46 × 10 5 rad m −2 and +1.33 × 10 5 rad m −2 at epochs separated by 7 months, in addition to narrow ( 30 µs) temporal structure. The large and variable rotation measure demonstrates that FRB 121102 is in an extreme and dynamic magneto-ionic environment, while the short burst durations argue for a neutron star origin. Such large rotation measures have, until now, only been observed 11,12 in the vicinities of massive black holes (M BH 10 4 M ). Indeed, the properties of the persistent radio source are compatible with those of a low-luminosity, accreting massive black hole 10 . The bursts may thus come from a neutron star in such an environment. However, the observed properties may also be explainable in other models, such as a highly magnetized wind nebula 13 or supernova remnant 14 surrounding a young neutron star. 2Using the 305-m William E. Gordon Telescope at the Arecibo Observatory, we detected 16 bursts from FRB 121102 at radio frequencies from 4.1 − 4.9 GHz (Table 1). The data recorder provided complete polarization parameters with 10.24-µs time resolution. See Methods and Extended Data Figs. 1-6 for observation and analysis details.The 4.5-GHz bursts have typical widths 1 ms, which are narrower than the 2 to 9-ms bursts previously detected at lower frequencies 5,15 . In some cases they show multiple components and structure close to the sampling time of the data. Burst #6 is particularly striking, with a width of 30 µs, which constrains the size of the emitting region to 10 km, modulo geometric and relativistic effects. Evolution in burst morphology with frequency complicates the determination 5 of dispersion measure (DM = d 0 n e (l) dl), but aligning the narrow component in Burst #6 results in DM= 559.7 ± 0.1 pc cm −3 , which is consistent 4,5,15,16 with other bursts detected since 2012, and suggests that any bona fide dispersion measure variations are at the 1% level.After correcting for Faraday rotation, and accounting for ∼2% depolarization from the finite channel widths, the bursts are consistently ∼100% linearly polarized (Fig. 1). The polarization angles PA = PA ∞ + θ (where PA ∞ is a reference angle at infinite frequency, θ = RMλ 2 is the rotation angle of the electric field vector and λ is the observing wavelength) are flat across the observed frequency range and burst envelopes (∆PA 5 • ms −1 ). This could mean that the burst durations reflect the timescale of the emission process and n...

The millisecond-duration radio flashes known as fast radio bursts (FRBs) represent an enigmatic astrophysical phenomenon. Recently, the sub-arcsecond localization (∼100 mas precision) of FRB121102 using the Very Large Array has led to its unambiguous association with persistent radio and optical counterparts, and to the identification of its host galaxy. However, an even more precise localization is needed in order to probe the direct physical relationship between the millisecond bursts themselves and the associated persistent emission. Here, we report very-long-baseline radio interferometric observations using the European VLBI Network and the 305 m Arecibo telescope, which simultaneously detect both the bursts and the persistent radio emission at milliarcsecond angular scales and show that they are co-located to within a projected linear separation of 40 pc (12 mas angular separation, at 95% confidence). We detect consistent angular broadening of the bursts and persistent radio source (∼2-4 mas at 1.7 GHz), which are both similar to the expected Milky Way scattering contribution. The persistent radio source has a projected size constrained to be  0.7 pc (0.2 mas angular extent at 5.0 GHz) and a lower limit for the brightness temperature of T 5 10 K b 7´. Together, these observations provide strong evidence for a direct physical link between FRB121102 and the compact persistent radio source. We argue that a burst source associated with a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus or a young neutron star energizing a supernova remnant are the two scenarios for FRB121102 that best match the observed data.

We report on radio and X-ray observations of the only known repeating Fast Radio Burst (FRB) source, FRB 121102. We have detected six additional radio bursts from this source: five with the Green Bank Telescope at 2 GHz, and one at 1.4 GHz with the Arecibo Observatory for a total of 17 bursts from this source. All have dispersion measures consistent with a single value (∼ 559 pc cm −3 ) that is three times the predicted maximum Galactic contribution. The 2-GHz bursts have highly variable spectra like those at 1.4 GHz, indicating that the frequency structure seen across the individual 1.4 and 2-GHz bandpasses is part of a wideband process. X-ray observations of the FRB 121102 field with the Swift and Chandra observatories show at least one possible counterpart; however, the probability of chance superposition is high. A radio imaging observation of the field with the Jansky Very Large Array at 1.6 GHz yields a 5σ upper limit of 0.3 mJy on any point-source continuum emission. This upper limit, combined with archival WISE 22-µm and IPHAS Hα surveys, rules out the presence of an intervening Galactic H II region. We update our estimate of the FRB detection rate in the PALFA survey to be 1.1 +3.7 −1.0 × 10 4 FRBs sky −1 day −1 (95% confidence) for peak flux density at 1.4 GHz above 300 mJy. We find that the intrinsic widths of the 12 FRB 121102 bursts from Arecibo are, on average, significantly longer than the intrinsic widths of the 13 single-component FRBs detected with the Parkes telescope.