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Abstract-The aim of this paper is to estimate the amount of carbon footprints emitted from diesel generators in terms of carbon dioxide. A constant load demand of 1.05 kW per hour (6.3 kW/day) with six hours of operation of a diesel generator per day was selected for this analysis. The fuel consumption rate and carbon footprints in terms of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were determined. It was discovered that emission of carbon footprints increased by five folds as emission factor was increased from 1kg to 5 kgCO 2 /liter. Similarly, the increment of a single kW rated power diesel generator at a constant emission factor increases 1.1 to 1.2 times carbon footprint emissions. It is revealed that the efficiency of diesel generator is inversely proportional to its rated power, fuel consumption rate and CO 2 emissions. Therefore, the rated power of selected diesel generator should be close to the required load demand.

It is difficult to determine the input parameters values for equivalent circuit models of photovoltaic modules through analytical methods. Thus, the previous researchers preferred to use numerical methods. Since, the numerical methods are time consuming and need long term time series data which is not available in most developing countries, an improved mathematical model was formulated by combination of analytical and numerical methods to overcome the limitations of existing methods. The values of required model input parameters were computed analytically. The expression for output current of photovoltaic module was determined explicitly by Lambert W function and voltage was determined numerically by Newton-Raphson method. Moreover, the algebraic equations were derived for the shape factor which involves the ideality factor and the series resistance of a single diode photovoltaic module power output model. The formulated model results were validated with rated power output of a photovoltaic module provided by manufacturers using local meteorological data, which gave ±2% error. It was found that the proposed model is more practical in terms of precise estimations of photovoltaic module power output for any required location and number of variables used.

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Abstract-This paper presents the approach of the different models that used to predict the module temperature, which is one of the most important factors responsible for lowering the performance of PV modules. The suitability of the models for PV module temperature prediction was examined in order to assess the anticipated behavior of module temperature increase with respect to ambient temperature and solar radiation. A total of 16 models has been selected and investigated by employing the monthly mean daily meteorological data of Kuching, Sarawak. It is revealed that most models exposed analogous tendency of module temperature and solar radiation intensity. However, their magnitude was quite dissimilar under constant solar radiation and ambient temperature conditions. This variation may be due to the use of different variables, climatic conditions, configuration of PV modules and approach used by various researchers.

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Photooxidative degradation of pre-treated Palm oil mill effluent for removal of chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and color by UV/TiO 2 system has been investigated in a cylindrical glass photoreactor whose outer surface has been coated with titanium dioxide whereas the UV source has been placed inside the glass tube. The removal of these pollutants indicators has been found to follow pseudofirst-order kinetics and hence the electrical energy per order (E EO ) figure-of-merit is used to calculate approximately the electrical energy efficiency of the advanced oxidation process system. The higher dissolved oxygen (10 mg/L), lower initial concentration (6 mg/L) and acidic medium (pH = 3) have been found favorable to the photocatalytic degradation of palm oil mill effluent.