Twilight is characterised by changes in both quantity (“irradiance”) and quality (“colour”) of light. Animals use the variation in irradiance to adjust their internal circadian clocks, aligning their behaviour and physiology with the solar cycle. However, it is currently unknown whether changes in colour also contribute to this entrainment process. Using environmental measurements, we show here that mammalian blue–yellow colour discrimination provides a more reliable method of tracking twilight progression than simply measuring irradiance. We next use electrophysiological recordings to demonstrate that neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic circadian clock display the cone-dependent spectral opponency required to make use of this information. Thus, our data show that some clock neurons are highly sensitive to changes in spectral composition occurring over twilight and that this input dictates their response to changes in irradiance. Finally, using mice housed under photoperiods with simulated dawn/dusk transitions, we confirm that spectral changes occurring during twilight are required for appropriate circadian alignment under natural conditions. Together, these data reveal a new sensory mechanism for telling time of day that would be available to any mammalian species capable of chromatic vision.

[1] Several validation studies of surface UV irradiance based on the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite data have shown a high correlation with ground-based measurements but a positive bias in many locations. The main part of the bias can be attributed to the boundary layer aerosol absorption that is not accounted for in the current satellite UV algorithms. To correct for this shortfall, a postcorrection procedure was applied, based on global climatological fields of aerosol absorption optical depth. These fields were obtained by using global aerosol optical depth and aerosol single scattering albedo data assembled by combining global aerosol model data and ground-based aerosol measurements from AERONET. The resulting improvements in the satellite-based surface UV irradiance were evaluated by comparing satellite and ground-based spectral irradiances at various European UV monitoring sites. The results generally showed a significantly reduced bias by 5 -20%, a lower variability, and an unchanged, high correlation coefficient.

A number of inorganic (nitryl chloride, ClNO 2 ; chlorine, Cl 2 ; and hypochlorous acid, HOCl) and chlorinated, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (ClOVOCs) have been measured in Manchester, UK during October and November 2014 using time-of-flight chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (ToF-CIMS) with the I − reagent ion. ClOVOCs appear to be mostly photochemical in origin, although direct emission from vehicles is also suggested. Peak concentrations of ClNO 2 , Cl 2 and HOCl reach 506, 16 and 9 ppt respectively. The concentrations of ClNO 2 are comparable to measurements made in London, but measurements of ClOVOCs, Cl 2 and HOCl by this method are the first reported in the UK. Maximum HOCl and Cl 2 concentrations are found during the day and ClNO 2 concentrations remain elevated into the afternoon if photolysis rates are low. Cl 2 exhibits a strong dependency on shortwave radiation, further adding to the growing body of evidence that it is a product of secondary chemistry. However, night-time emission is also observed. The contribution of ClNO 2 , Cl 2 and ClOVOCs to the chlorine radical budget suggests that Cl 2 can be a greater source of Cl than ClNO 2 , contributing 74 % of the Cl radicals produced on a high radiant-flux day. In contrast, on a low radiant-flux day, this drops to 14 %, as both Cl 2 produc-tion and loss pathways are inhibited by reduced photolysis rates. This results in ClNO 2 making up the dominant fraction (83 %) on low radiant-flux days, as its concentrations are still high. As most ClOVOCs appear to be formed photochemically, they exhibit a similar dependence on photolysis, contributing 3 % of the Cl radical budget observed here.

ABSTRACT:In this study we present the UK's total ozone and UV data records, their measurement and preliminary processing, and discuss the observed trends. Notably, we combine the records from the Camborne and Reading sites to obtain a single ozone data series for southern England -a total duration of 30 years.Two-section linear trends and cross-over years are determined for Lerwick and southern England, both annually and seasonally. The observed minimum using this technique in the UK ozone record is found to occur during the year 1993. Significant trends of −4.8% per decade for southern England and −5.8% per decade for Lerwick are seen prior to the mid-1990s; the rate of decrease in the UK being at the upper limit of other European stations. No significant ozone trend is seen for the latter period in either location in contrast with Europe as a whole. We, additionally, compare the satellite-derived total ozone trends for both locations.The UV record at Reading showed a significant trend from 1993 to 2008 in the daily maximum UV index record (6.6% per decade), despite no significant recovery in the total ozone data series, suggesting a reduction in cloud cover during the midday period. Filtering data to remove other factors shows the erythemal UV to have an ozone-dependent trend of −0.11% per year, but this is not statistically significant. We find no correlation between anomalies in the surface UV and total ozone records suggesting that the majority of the inter-annual variability is due to changes in cloud cover and other effects.

Direct links between carbonaceous chondrites and their parent bodies in the solar system are rare. The Winchcombe meteorite is the most accurately recorded carbonaceous chondrite fall. Its pre-atmospheric orbit and cosmic-ray exposure age confirm that it arrived on Earth shortly after ejection from a primitive asteroid. Recovered only hours after falling, the composition of the Winchcombe meteorite is largely unmodified by the terrestrial environment. It contains abundant hydrated silicates formed during fluid-rock reactions, and carbon- and nitrogen-bearing organic matter including soluble protein amino acids. The near-pristine hydrogen isotopic composition of the Winchcombe meteorite is comparable to the terrestrial hydrosphere, providing further evidence that volatile-rich carbonaceous asteroids played an important role in the origin of Earth’s water.

A detailed map of the available UV across the UK from 2003 to 2012 is provided. A suite of data derived from climatologies and satellite observations are used to calculate spectral UV irradiance and related weighted doses (erythema, DNA damage, vitamin D). The result is a well-validated tool that has two advantages: (i) the output is simulated spectral UV irradiance that can be weighted with any action spectrum for use in any research studies that require ambient UV data, (ii) reliance on instruments with planned operational lives of at least several years that ensures data and method homogeneity for extension to future studies. The model-derived doses are satisfactory validated against spectral ground-based measurements at two sites. According to the calculated climatology, the southern part of the UK receives 1.5-2 times more UV than the north during spring, summer and autumn. During wintertime, the UV doses in the far north are an order of magnitude lower than southern values. Even for the same latitude, regional variations of cloudiness result in doses at coastal sites being up to 25% higher than inland areas.

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