1). Klf15 NN flies display improved survival against a variety of microbial infections (A) Survival curve of Klf15 NN and WT flies infected with P. rettgeri. (B-C) Survival curves over 14 days following natural infection of WT and Klf15 NN flies with the fungal pathogens M. anisopliae (B) and B. bassiana (C). (D-E) Survival of flies expressing nephrocyte-specific RNAi against Klf15 throughout development (Dot-Gal4 > UAS-Klf15-IR) (D) or only during the adult stage (Hand-Gal4 ts > UAS-Klf15-IR) (E) after infection with E. faecalis. The curves represent the average percent survival ±SE of three biological replicates. *p<0.05 ***p<0.001 ****p<0.0001 in a Log-rank test.

Purpose: To review novel findings in research with ultra-widefield imaging for analysis of peripheral manifestations in macular degeneration (AMD). We introduce the evolving widefield imaging modalities while summarizing the analytical techniques used in data collection of peripheral retinal findings thus far. Our review provides a summary of advancements to date and a commentary on future direction for AMD research. Methods: This is a literature review of all significant publications focused on the relationship between AMD and the retinal periphery conducted within the last two decades. Results and Conclusion: Promising research has been undertaken to elucidate peripheral retinal manifestations in macular degeneration using novel methodology. Advancements in ultra-widefield imaging and fundus autofluorescence have allowed us to elucidate peripheral retinal pigmentary changes, drusen deposition, and much more. Novel grid overlay techniques have been introduced to aid in analyzing these changes for pattern recognition and grouping of findings. This review discusses these findings in detail, providing evidence for the pan-retinal manifestations of AMD. Inter-study discordance in analytical approach highlights a need for more systematic future study.

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