A prominent feature of fear memories and anxiety disorders is that they endure across extended periods of time. Here, we examine how the severity of the initial fear experience influences incubation, generalization, and sensitization of contextual fear memories across time. Adult rats were presented with either five, two, one, or zero shocks (1.2 mA, 2 sec) during contextual fear conditioning. Following a recent (1 d) or remote (28 d) retention interval all subjects were returned to the original training context to measure fear memory and/or to a novel context to measure the specificity of fear conditioning. Our results indicate rats that received two or five shocks show an "incubation"-like enhancement of fear between recent and remote retention intervals, while single-shocked animals show stable levels of context fear memory. Moreover, when fear was tested in a novel context, 1 and 2 shocked groups failed to freeze, whereas five shocked rats showed a time-dependent generalization of context memory. Stress enhancement of fear learning to a second round of conditioning was evident in all previously shocked animals. Based on these results, we conclude that the severity or number of foot shocks determines not only the level of fear memory, but also the time-dependent incubation of fear and its generalization across distinct contexts.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is thought to be essential for fear learning. However, extensive training can overcome the loss of conditional fear evident following lesions and inactivation of the BLA. Such results suggest the existence of a primary BLA-dependent and a compensatory BLA-independent neural circuit. We tested the hypothesis that the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) provides this compensatory plasticity. Using extensive context-fear conditioning, we demonstrate that combined BLA and BST lesions prevented fear acquisition and expression. Additionally, protein synthesis in the BST was critical only for consolidation of BLA-independent but not BLA-dependent fear. Moreover, fear acquired after BLA lesions resulted in greater activation of BST regions that receive hippocampal efferents. These results suggest that the BST is capable of functioning as a compensatory site in the acquisition and consolidation of context-fear memories. Unlocking such neural compensation holds promise for understanding situations when brain damage impairs normal function or failure to regulate compensatory sites leads to anxiety disorders. amygdala | basolateral amygdala | context | plasticity | bed nucleus of the stria terminalis A largely supported view in the neuroscience of associative memory is the existence of essential neural circuits that have the capacity to learn, retain, and retrieve specific classes of experience 1-7). For example, in reflexive motor learning or Pavlovian eyeblink-conditioning, the integration of sensory stimuli within the cerebellar interpositus nuclei are required for the acquisition, retention, and retrieval conditional responses (8). Similarly, the striatum is considered critical for habit learning (9, 10) and the hippocampus essential for spatial learning (11). In fearconditioning, a circuit centered around the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA; consisting of the lateral amygdala, basomedial, basolateral, and posterior nuclei) is viewed essential for the acquisition and expression of fear memories (12-16). The importance of the BLA for fear memory has been supported by numerous studies showing that disruption of protein synthesis, NMDA receptor function, neuronal activity, synaptic transmission, and plasticity all prevent the establishment of fear memories (14-18).Context fear learning normally occurs when hippocampal context information, which exits the subiculum, converges with aversive information in the BLA (15). In turn, when the contextual information activates the BLA, this information is relayed to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), whose efferents to the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) trigger the expression of fear as indexed by conditional freezing (conditional response) (19). Lesions or inactivations of the CEA can disrupt contextual fear (20, 21; but see 22). Of particular relevance in this study is that pretraining lesions or inactivations of the BLA have been shown to strongly impair the acquisition of fear (23-25). However, with extensive overtraining (∼75 tr...

Background Traumatic experience can result in life-long changes in the ability to cope with future stressors and emotionally salient events. These experiences, particularly during early development are a significant risk factor for later life anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, because traumatic experience typically results in strong episodic memories, it is not known whether such long-term memories are necessary for particular features of PTSD such as enhanced fear and anxiety. Here we used a fear conditioning procedure in juvenile rats prior to maturation of the neural systems supporting declarative memory to assess the necessity of early memory to the later life development of PTSD related symptoms. Methods Nineteen-day old rats were exposed to unpredictable and inescapable footshocks and fear memory for the shock context was assessed during adulthood. Thereafter, adult animals were either exposed to single-trial fear conditioning, elevated plus-maze or sacrificed for basal diurnal corticosterone and quantification of neuronal glucocorticoid (G-R) and Neuropeptide Y receptors. Results Early trauma exposed rats displayed stereotypic footshock reactivity, yet by adulthood, hippocampus-dependent contextual fear related memory was absent. However, adult rats showed sensitized fear learning, aberrant basal circadian fluctuations of corticosterone, increased amygdalar G-R, decreased time spent in the open arm of an elevated plus maze and an odor aversion associated with early-life footshocks. Conclusions These results suggest that traumatic experience during developmental periods of hippocampal immaturity can promote lifelong changes in symptoms and neuropathology associated with human PTSD even if there is no explicit memory of the early trauma.