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This study, using microdata from the 1980 and 1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, examines the effects of drug use on wages and employment. Contrary to most previous researchers' findings that illegal drug use negatively affects earnings, this analysis suggests that, once an allowance is made for self-selection effects (that is, unobservable factors simultaneously affecting wages and the decision to use drugs), drug users actually received higher wages than non-drug users. A similar analysis of employment effects shows that the sample of all drug users (which included users of "hard" and "soft" drugs) had lower employment levels than non-drug users, but the smaller sample consisting only of users of hard drugs, surprisingly, did not.

Using US data drawn from the 1978 young men NLS sample, this paper replicates a key finding reported by Rees and Shah in their analysis of self‐employment using large‐scale British data. A wage equation, which allows for sample selectivity, is estimated for subsamples of employees and the self‐employed. Despite differences between the data sets and the variables analysed, the NLS results support Rees and Shah's conclusion that there is positive selection bias in the observed earnings of employees.

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There is a growing literature investigating fan discrimination revealed in markets for sports memorabilia. Such estimates miss the mark for two reasons. First, simply measuring race as a binary variable may be less insightful than an alternative measure. Second, although it is the race perceptions of market participants that matter, past studies rely exclusively on researcher race/ethnicity assessment. The authors provide an estimation framework using continuous, market participant reports of race/ethnicity. The results show that past race/ethnicity results in card markets suffer from errors in variables and that continuous, market participant reports of race/ethnicity provide (carefully defined) "better" estimation results. The authors find that race/ethnicity matters and in a way is consistent with a model of statistical discrimination by those baseball fans who trade in the card market. The discrimination is against Black and Hispanic hitters and Black pitchers but not against Hispanic pitchers.

Abstract. Objective: To determine whether emergency medicine (EM)-bound and non-EM-bound senior medical students on the EM subinternship have a uniform experience with respect to number and acuity of patients seen and procedures performed. Methods: Prospective observational analysis of patient diagnosis and procedures recorded in logs by students at a public teaching hospital over 12 consecutive months. Logs were reviewed blindly and assigned an acuity level based on predetermined criteria. Preselected procedures were categorized as general or surgical and tallied. Identity, specialty choice, gender, and month of rotation for each student were identified. Results: Seventy of 74 students completed logs. On average, 34 EM-bound students saw 59.82 patients (95% CI = 55.19 to 64.45) and performed 10.58 procedures (95% CI = 8.62 to 12.56); 36 non-EM-bound students saw 51.17 patients (95% CI = 47.41 to 54.90) and performed 8.33 procedures (95% CI = 6.81 to 9.84). Univariate analysis showed EMbound students saw more patients than non-EMbound students, performed more surgical procedures, and saw higher-acuity patients (p = 0.004; 0.009; 0.016). Multivariate analyses controlled for EM specialty, gender, and month. Significant effects for EM specialty were found (ordinary least squares) for number of patients, procedures, and surgical procedures (p = 0.013; 0.048; 0.011). Logistic regression explaining acuity level showed EM specialty and gender were significant (p = 0.010; 0.038). Conclusions: In an EM subinternship, experience was variable between EM-bound and non-EM-bound students. Male students saw lower-acuity patients. The EM-bound students saw more patients, higher-acuity patients, and performed more procedures than non-EM-bound cohorts. Emergency medicine educators responsible for medical education should be aware of these differences.

Background: The emergency medicine (EM) subinternship provides a varied experience for senior medical students depending on gender, specialty choice, and interest. A didactic curriculum can be standardized, but the clinical component is difficult to control. Students can be directed to see patients with specific chief complaints.